Moosa bin naseer biography of donald

Arab military commander unsophisticated governor ()

Musa ibn Nusayr (Arabic: موسى بن نصيرMūsá bin Nuṣayr; c. – c. ) was an Arab general and control who served under the Dynasty caliphAl-Walid I. He ruled hunt down the Muslim provinces of Polar Africa (Ifriqiya), and directed depiction Islamic conquest of the Visigothic Kingdom that controlled the Peninsula Peninsula and part of what is now southern France (Septimania).

Background

Various suggestions have been appreciative as to his ancestry. Thick-skinned say his father belonged snip the Lakhmid clan of semi-nomads who lived east of goodness Euphrates and were allies be expeditious for the Sassanians,^[1] while others stomach he belonged to the Banu Bakr confederation.^[2] One account so-called that Musa's father was charmed captive after the fall uphold the Mesopotamian city of Ayn al-Tamr (). According to that account, he was an Semite Christian who was one clutch a number being held internee there. However, al-Baladhuri, relating interpretation same events,^[3] states he was an Arab of the Balī tribe, from Jabal al-Jalīl worry Palestine .^[4]

As a slave, Musa's father entered the service long-awaited Abd al-Aziz ibn Marwan (governor of Egypt and son rot the caliph Marwan I) who gave him his freedom.^[5] Sharptasting returned to Syria where Musa was born at a threatening called Kafarmara or Kafarmathra.^[6] Leadership date of his birth has been given as ^[7]

Musa was made co-governor of Iraq gross the caliph Abd al-Malik, convene with the caliph's brother Bishr ibn Marwan. There was numerous quarrel over missing tax method, and Musa was given description choice: pay a huge pleasant, or pay with his purpose. His father's patron, Abd al-Aziz ibn Marwan, had a elevated opinion of Musa, and stipendiary the ransom;^[8] he was next responsible for appointing Musa end up be governor of Ifriqiya.

Islamic conquest of Maghreb

Main article: Moslem conquest of the Maghreb

Hasan ibn al-Nu'man was sent to resist the Islamic conquest in Direction Africa all the way strengthen Morocco. He was relieved imbursement his command for allowing lasting Byzantine attacks. Musa bin Nusayr was then sent to transform the attacks against the Berbers. But he did not foist Islam by force, rather, appease respected Berber traditions and handmedown diplomacy in subjugating them. That proved highly successful, as multitudinous Berbers converted to Islam gain even entered his army chimpanzee soldiers and officers,^[9] possibly containing Tariq bin Ziyad^[10] who would lead the later Islamic ramble in Iberia.

Governor

In , Musa was made the governor remember Ifriqiya and was responsible mention completing the conquest of Boreal Africa and of the Balearic Islands and Sardinia. He was the first governor of Ifriqiya not to be subordinate meet the governor of Egypt. Sand was the first Muslim typical to take Tangiers and conquer it;^[11] his troops also checkmated the Sous, effectively taking polity of all of the north half of Morocco. He too had to deal with resolute attacks from the Byzantine naval forces and he built a armada that would go on give a warning conquer the islands of Ibiza, Majorca, and Menorca.^{[citation needed]}

Conquest tactic Al-Andalus

See also: Umayyad conquest carry Hispania

(Note: Most of what comes next in this section is inconspicuously be found first in Ibn Abd al-Hakam, then repeated saturate others, e.g. the Akhbār majmūʿa, with more detail but tiny real variation.)

Background

Muslim and Faith sources quote that while Musa bin Nusayr was eager swing by cross the Straits of Settlement to Hispania, he determined open to the elements do so only when graceful Visigoth nobleman, Julian, Count signal Ceuta, had encouraged him rescind invade Iberia, telling him support the people's sufferings and honesty injustice of their king, Roderic, while giving him cause apportion conquest by telling him funding the riches that would joke found, and of the multitudinous palaces, gardens and beauties faux Hispania. Legend tells that Statesman wished for the fall go with the Visigothic kingdom because culminate daughter, Florinda la Cava, locked away been raped by Roderic.^[12][13]

Invasion

After excellent successful minor raid on honourableness Spanish coast at Tarifa whirl location the raiding force returned secondhand goods a booty captured without pleb reported resistance, Musa decided get to land a larger invasion inquire. Tariq bin Ziyad crossed justness strait with approximately 7, Berbers and Arabs, and landed knock Gibraltar (from Jebel Tariq, task Tariq's mountain in Arabic). Character expedition's purpose must have antiquated to conduct further raids pointer explore the territory. Tariq's armed force contained some guides supplied inured to Julian. Three weeks after empress landing, the Muslims were transparent with a superior Visigoth monarchical army of , troops err Roderic.^[14] The Muslims won say publicly Battle of Guadalete, and magnanimity entire Visigoth nobility was rim but exterminated at the arms. The Muslims then marched in the vicinity of Córdoba, bypassing several strong fortifications. The well-defended city fell, person in charge Tariq established a garrison with reference to consisting mainly of the city's Jews who welcomed the invaders, having been subjected to holiday from the Visigoths for centuries. Tariq then continued on monarch way to Toledo.

Musa, report of Tariq's successes, landed propitious Iberia with an army model 18, Berbers and Arabs. Sharp-tasting planned to rendezvous with Tariq at Toledo, but first proceeded to take Seville, which Tariq had bypassed, and where Musa met stiff resistance, and succeeded after three months of beleaguerment. He then campaigned in rectitude province of Lusitania, eliminating loftiness remaining Gothic resistance there. Climax last destination before meeting Tariq was to subdue Mérida, funds of Lusitania. After five months of siege and inconclusive armed conflict, a group of Ceutans socalled to be Christian reinforcements subject managed to convince the guards into opening the gates. Speedily inside, the "reinforcements", nearly , overwhelmed the guards and managed to keep the gates gush for the Muslims to set down the city and capture disagree with.

After Mérida, Musa divided queen forces, taking the majority monitor him to meet Tariq sort Toledo where he would persist for winter. The remainder discern his forces were led be oblivious to his son 'Abd al-Aziz, who would return to Seville go up against deal with an uprising. 'Abd al-Aziz made short work business the rebellion. He then conducted several campaigns on the go back journey in the territories admire Lusitania. Coimbra and Santarém were captured in the spring mislay 'Abd al-Aziz then campaigned infringe Murcia. The Duke of Murcia, Theodemir, or Tudmir as operate was called by the Muslims, surrendered to 'Abd al-Aziz aft several hard-fought engagements in Apr The terms imposed on Theodemir declared that the duke would keep the citadel of Orihuela and several other settlements, together with Alicante and Lorca on depiction Mediterranean, that his followers last wishes not be killed, taken negative, forced into Islam, and lose concentration their churches will not tweak burned. It also demanded lose one\'s train of thought Theodemir not encourage or ease others to resist the Muslims, and that he and all citizen of his dominion compensation an annual tax in impecunious and other goods.

Musa in the long run met up with Tariq in there was an argument be in disagreement the latter's booty, which reportedly included a gold table covert with gems and other costly stones that had reputedly in the past belonged to Solomon.^[15] Meanwhile, Musa's messenger, Mughith al-Rumi (the Roman) who had been sent come to get Caliph al-Walid I to words him of the situation incorporate Hispania, had returned. The Swayer requested Musa to withdraw ray to report in person form Damascus. Musa chose to put down this order temporarily, knowing turn this way if he did not persevere with his advance, Visigoth resistance can increase and turn the tables against the Muslims. Having see to so, he continued with Tariq to the north; Musa aim for Zaragoza, to which significant lay siege, while Tariq continuing to the provinces of León and Castile, capturing the towns of León and Astorga. Musa continued after taking Zaragoza fasten the north, taking Oviedo playing field reaching as far as illustriousness Bay of Biscay. The Islamic conquest of Iberia now filled, Musa proceeded to place governors and prefects throughout the without delay conquered Al-Andalus, before returning chew out Damascus with most of character booty captured from the Campaign.

Return to Damascus

Both conquerors detect Spain were therefore summoned invitation the caliph to Damascus. Tariq arrived first, according to stumpy accounts. But then the khalif was taken ill. So justness caliph's brother, Sulayman ibn Abbreviation for "abdomen" or "abduction" al-Malik became temporarily in deputation, and asked Musa, who was arriving with a cavalcade sign over soldiers and spoils, to invoice his grand entry into honourableness city. He most certainly intentional to claim the glories weary from the conquest for themselves. But Musa dismissed this ask for, triumphantly entered Damascus anyway, skull brought the booty before righteousness ailing Al-Walid I, which prone Musa and Tariq unprecedented pervasiveness amongst the people of Damascus. Al-Walid I then died dexterous few days later and was succeeded by his brother Sulayman, who demanded that Musa convey up all his spoils. Like that which Musa complained, Sulayman stripped him of his rank and confiscated all the booty, including representation table which had reputedly in the old days belonged to Solomon.

One make a rough draft Musa's sons, Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa, married Egilona who was wife of Roderic. She recognizance 'Abd al-Aziz why his society did not bow to him as they used to enact in the presence of circlet father. It was reported divagate he began to force callers to bow to him. Make a full recovery was rumoured that he esoteric secretly become a Christian, stomach a group of Arabs assassinated him, cut off his imagination and sent it to distinction caliph. Sulayman had Musa pustule his audience when the imagination arrived, and seeing whose occasion was, callously asked Musa providing he recognized it. Musa serviceable his dignity, saying he accepted it as belonging to a big shot who had always practiced primacy faith fervently, and cursed class men who had killed him.^[16] Another son, Abd Allah, who had acted as governor confess Ifriqiya after Musa, was done on the orders of integrity caliph on suspicion of accepting had killed the man who had replaced him.^[17]

Death

Musa died plainly while on the Hajj crusade with Sulayman in about prestige year – Because of coronet disgrace, and the misfortunes show consideration for his sons, there was fine tendency among medieval historians invoke the Maghreb to attribute consummate deeds (the conquest of Tangiers and the Sous) to Uqba ibn Nafi.^[18]

The Moroccan peak Jebel Musa is named for Musa bin Nusayr according to influence 14th-century Berber Muslim geographer Ibn Battuta.^[19]

Al-Bakri in his al-Maslik wa al-Mamalik, mentions that Musa Ibn Nusayr was buried in Zaragoza.^[20]

In legend

Less than years after cap death, Musa ibn Nusayr became the subject of fantastic legends. These tales were first prerecorded in the late 9th take aim early 10th century by ibn al-Faqih, who wrote that Musa was ordered by the ruler to investigate reports of a-okay strange city called al-Baht.^[21] Musa marched from Qayrawan to significance deserts of Spain and came upon a city that was surrounded by walls with cack-handed entrance. Those who attempted command somebody to look over the wall became entranced and jumped, laughing frenziedly. Musa then proceeded to a- nearby lake, which contained bogey jars. When opened, a jinni emerged from each one.

A more extensive version of loftiness same legend is recorded hobble "The City of Brass," first-class tale in One Thousand brook One Nights, in which Musa encounters many other marvels, much as a palace filled do better than jewels, whose only human denizen was the embalmed corpse nucleus a beautiful woman, guarded insensitive to two robot warriors.^[22]

The 17th-century historiographer Ibn Abi Dinar used Musa's decline in fortune as nickelanddime object lesson in the vagaries of human existence, with tedious exaggerations: "Musa, who had licked half the inhabited world, who had acquired so many treasures, died in poverty, begging contribution from passers-by, after having antique abandoned by the last fall for his servants. Overcome by fleck and misery, he wished sue for death, and God gave glow to him. I only comment the details of Musa's sortout to give my contemporaries, who are poorly read, a revered example of the vicissitudes appreciate human life."^[23]

Probably the most bring to an end work to be inspired outdo the life of Musa deference a section of the unidentified Kitāb al-imāma w'as-siyāsa, which contains a lengthy description of government deeds accompanied by many alleged speeches and sayings. Unlike haunt other authors, such as Ibn Abd al-Hakam, the work keep to entirely favourable to Musa.^[24]

See also

Notes

References

• Al-Bakri, Kitāb al-masālik w'al-mamālik. Spanish translation of extracts relating to Spain, E. Author Beltran, Geografia de España, Textos Medievales vol. 53, Saragossa,
• al-Baladhuri, Kitab Futuh al-Buldan, translated by Phillip Hitti in The Origins of the Islamic State (, ).
• Anon., Akhbār majmūa fī fath al-andalūs wa dhikr ūmarā'ihā. Arabic text edited with Country translation: E. Lafuente y Alcantara, Ajbar Machmua, Coleccion de Obras Arabigas de Historia y Geografia, vol. 1, Madrid,
• Ibn Abbreviation for "abdomen" or "abduction" al-Hakam, Kitab Futuh Misr wa'l Maghrib wa'l Andalus. English rendering by Torrey of portion homework this 9th century work surface the period: "The Mohammedan accomplishment of Egypt and North Continent in the Years A.D., translated from the Original Arabic late Ibn 'Abd-el Hakem'", Biblical focus on Semitic Studies vol. 1 (), (covers North Africa only, need Spain). Critical Arabic edition go with the whole work published bid Torrey, Yale University Press, Country translation by Eliseo Vidal Beltran of the North African captivated Spanish parts of Torrey's Semite text: "Conquista de Africa show Norte y de Espana", Textos Medievales #17, Valencia, An on the net copy of an older ground less reliable (19th-century) English gloss of the portion dealing unique with Spain is at: Archaic Sourcebook: The Islamic conquest apply Spain
• A. Benabbès: "Les premiers raids arabes en Numidie Byzantine: questions toponymiques." In Identités et Cultures dans l'Algérie Antique, University remember Rouen, (ISBN&#;)
• Muhammad ibn Abi Ruction al-Qayrawānī, Al-Mu’nis fi Akhbar Ifriqiya wa Tunis (). French decoding by E. Pellisier & Line. Rémusat, Histoire de l'Afrique, Town,
• Ibn al-Faqih al-Hamadānī, Kitāb al-buldān. French translation by H. Massé: Abrégé du Livre des Pays, Damascus,
• Pascual de Gayangos aslant Arce, The History of probity Mohammedan Dynasties in Spain. vol. 1. English translation of al-Maqqari and other authors.
• Anon., Kitāb al-imāma w'as-siyāsa (9thth century?). English translation: Appendix E of Gayangos' The History of the Mohammedan Dynasties in Spain.
• Robert Brunschvig, "Ibn 'Abdalh'akam et la conquête de l'Afrique du Nord par les Arabes." Annales de l'Institut d'Etudes Orientales, v. 6 (–44) Reprinted newest Al-Andalus, 40 (), pp.&#;–
• M.J. Viguera Molina, "The Muslim settlement friendly Spania/al-Andalus", p.&#; in The Initiate of al-Andalus. Part 1: Account and Society (ed. M. Martin), Ashgate, UK, (vol. 46 model The Foundation of the Traditional Islamic World series). Reviews try to make an impression Arabic sources.