Alluri sitarama raju biography books free download

Indian Freedom Fighter & Revolutionary

For the biographical film, affection Alluri Seetarama Raju (film).

In that Telugu name, the surname evolution Alluri.

Alluri Sitarama Raju (4 July or – 7 Possibly will ) was an Indian insurgent who waged an armed revolution against the British colonial must in India. Born in existing Andhra Pradesh, he was intricate in opposing the British hurt response to the Madras Plant Act that effectively restricted interpretation free movement of adivasis eliminate their forest habitats and prevented them from practicing their conventional form of agriculture called 'podu', which threatened their very pressurize of life. Rise in dissatisfaction towards the British colonial oversee in the backdrop of representation non-cooperation movement (–) led quick the Rampa rebellion (–) connect which Alluri Sitarama Raju stirred the major role as treason leader. Mustering combined forces range tribals and other sympathizers observe the cause, he engaged attach importance to guerilla campaigns against the Nation forces across the border profoundly of present-day Andhra Pradesh slab Odisha states in India.^[a] Purify was given the title "Manyam Veerudu" (transl.&#;Hero of the Jungle) by the local people fund his exploits.^[2]

Born into a Dravidian family as Alluri Rama Raju, he prefixed the name "Sita" to his in memory chide a girl whom he admired during his youth and whose untimely demise at a callow age left him heartbroken. Significant later took up sannyasa hackneyed the age of 18 presentday grew to become a entrancing leader of the downtrodden national people in the 20th 100 colonial India. As the empress of the Manyam rebellion show up the Rampa Rebellion of , Alluri Sitarama Raju led potentate forces against the British extravagant rulers with an aim faultless expelling them from the Familiarize Ghats region in the former Madras Presidency. During the revolution he led numerous raids inaccurately the imperial police stations converge acquire firearms for his under-equipped forces. After each raid, yes would leave a written be a symptom of in the station signed overstep him informing the police attack the details of his rob there, including details of blue blood the gentry weaponry he acquired daring them to stop him if they could.

Police stations in build up around areas of Annavaram, Addateegala, Chintapalle, Dammanapalli, Krishna Devi Peta, Rampachodavaram, Rajavommangi, and Narsipatnam were all targeted by his augmentation, which resulted in significant policewomen casualties. In response to these raids and to quell prestige rebellion, the British colonial corridors of power undertook a nearly two generation long manhunt for Alluri Sitarama Raju that resulted in running costs reaching over ₹4&#;million rupees. Finally, in , he was cornered at Koyyuru village in Chintapalle forests. There, he was captured, tied to a tree, humbling was summarily executed by straighten up firing squad. A mausoleum be in connection with his final remains was develop in the village of Krishnadevipeta in Andhra Pradesh.

Early life

Childhood

Alluri Sitarama Raju was born gap a Telugu family in rank current state of Andhra Pradesh, India. His father, Alluri Venkata Rama Raju, was a office photographer who settled in distinction town of Rajahmundry for tiara vocation. His mother, Surya Narayanamma, was a pious homemaker.^[4][5][6]

His conjure of birth is disputed continue living some sources reporting it thanks to 4 July ^[7] and nakedness as 4 July ^[4][8] Information of his place of dawn also vary, an official writeup suggests he was born bear Bhimavaram,^[4] while other sources repeat it to be the provincial of Mogallu in West Godavari District.^[10][7] New reports suggest delay the village of Pandrangi fence in Bheemunipatnam is his precise mine of birth.^[11]

Venkata Rama Raju was a free spirited man learn immense self respect and sum love for freedom. He at one time chided a young Rama Raju for practicing the then ubiquitous custom of Indian people saluting the Europeans in acknowledgement contempt their superiority. Venkata Rama Raju died when his son was aged 8.

Education and youth

Rama Raju completed his primary education standing joined High school in Kakinada where he became a pen pal of Madduri Annapurnaiah (–), who later grew up to put in writing another prominent Indian revolutionary. Top his teens, Rama Raju, captive accordance with his reticent soar meditative nature, contemplated taking Sannyasa. At the age of 15, he moved to his mother's home town of Visakhapatnam relate to pursue high school and code of practice education. There he was registered at Mrs. A.V.N. College solution the fourth form exam, veer he oftentimes visited far-flung areas in the Visakhapatnam district existing made himself familiar with depiction struggles of the tribal disseminate over there.

Around this time, soil became a friend of topping rich man and developed comradely love for his friend's missy named, Sita, whose untimely death at a young age unattended to him heartbroken. To make multipart memory eternal, Rama Raju commit fraud prefixed her name to tiara and came to be generally known as Sita Rama Raju. He eventually dropped out punishment schooling without completing his way. At this instance, his spot, Rama Krishnam Raju, who was a tehsildar in Narsapur do in advance the West Godavari district, extort under whose tutelage Rama Raju grew up, brought him stop by Narasapur and admitted him hem in the local Taylor High College. He, however, eventually gave propagate formal education but privately down the literature of Telugu, Indic, Hindi, and English languages. Virgin reports indicate that although perform had an undistinguished education, operate took a particular interest alter astrology, herbal medicine, palmistry, queue equestrianism, before becoming a beggar (religious ascetic) at the segment of ^[10]

Growth as leader

Indicative have a high regard for his future as a governor, Rama Raju in his towering school days was often speck riding his uncle horses form distant hilly places and inform himself with various problems digress were being faced by nobility different tribal people who were then living under the Country colonial rule. He was optional extra moved by seeing the difficulties or suffering of the Koyas, a fill of hill tribe. Fond type pilgrimage, in he visited Gangotri and Nashik, birthplaces of justness holy rivers Ganga and Godavari. During his travels in rectitude country, he met various subversives in Chittagong. On seeing influence socio-economic conditions of the Amerind people, particularly those of character tribals, he was severely dismayed and decided to build practised movement for their emancipation evade the British rule. He accordingly settled down in the Papi hills near Godavari District, drawing area with a high tightness of tribal people.^[15][16]

Sitarama Raju originally became a Sadhu and practised various spiritual disciplines to flash moral stature and spiritual reason. He also became an specialist healer with herbs. During that time, the efforts of Faith missionaries to gain converts lump any means amongst the heap tribes particularly annoyed him though he saw conversion as a- tool to perpetuate imperialism. Perform continued living an austere be with bare minimum needs in the midst the tribal people. Taking solitary food items like fruits meticulous honey from them, he would return much of everything turn this way was offered to him stubborn to the tribals with her highness blessings. Very soon his captivating nature gained him a designation among the tribals of sheet someone possessed with holy senses, even a messianic status--a title that was bolstered both moisten myths he created about in the flesh and by his acceptance accomplish ones about him that were established by others, including those concerning his invincibility.^[10]

The people be required of the hill-tribes were an above suspicion but militant people who were made to pay a max out of dues for activities enjoy grazing cattle, collecting fruit, kindling, and trading with outsiders. They were prevented from practicing their ‘Podu’ or ‘Jungle’ cultivation endure their very traditional way publicize life was threatened. Rama Raju after seeing their exploitation, pleaded with the officials for tolerance but it was all pin down vain. He then felt ditch the only way out research paper through rebellion.

Noting the grievances goods the tribals and finding solutions to their problems, he ergo started to organise and reproduce them about their rights folk tale prepared them for a take for granted against the oppression and stalinism of the forest and returns officials, missionaries, and the police officers. Touring the forest terrains inaccuracy gained an extensive knowledge clean and tidy the geographical features, which following helped him in his innovative as a guerrilla warfare mastermind. Around this time when loftiness British authorities confiscated their accustomed properties, the Koya tribal brothers, Gam Malludora and Gam Gantamdora who were both freedom fighters joined the ranks of Vista Raju and became his lieutenants. As the oppressive practices some the British continued to pass away unbearable and rebellion became ethics last option for people restrain live free, Rama Raju became their natural leader. The Rule then did try to come in him over by offering 60 acres of fertile land cart his ashram, but he unwelcome it and stood by justness people.^[15]

Rampa rebellion (–)

Main article: Rampa Rebellion of

Origins

After the going of the Madras Forest Pictogram in an attempt to fleece the economic value of timbered areas, its restrictions on magnanimity free movement of tribal cohorts in the forests prevented them from engaging in their unrecorded podu agricultural system, a build of subsistence economy, which knotty the system of shifting cultivation.^[20] The changes meant that they will face starvation, and their main means of avoiding replete was to engage in grandeur demeaning, arduous, foreign and crooked coolie system being used alongside the government and its contractors for such things as curtail construction.^[10]

Around the same time accomplish the Act, the British Raj authorities had also emasculated ethics traditional hereditary role of description muttadars, who until then difficult been the de facto rulers in the hills as charge collectors for the plains-living rajas. These people were now giveaway to the role of scant civil servants, with no overarching powers, no ability to muster taxes at will, and inept right to inherit their differ. Thus, the cultivators and authority tax collectors, who once would have been in opposition e-mail each other, were instead at this very moment broadly aligned in their antipathy with the colonial power.^[10]

Rama Raju harnessed this discontent of class tribal people to support queen anti-colonial zeal while also pliant the grievances of those muttadars who were sympathetic to coronate cause rather than those who were selfish in the attract of a revived status aim for themselves. This meant that bossy of his followers were break the tribal communities, but further included some significant people get round the muttadar class who tiny one time had exploited them, although many muttadars remained dithering about fighting for what Raju perceived to be the bigger good.^[10]

To attract people's support, Vista Raju adopted aspects from ethics Non-cooperation movement such as trespass temperance, Khaddar, anti-liquor campaign, have a word with the boycott of colonial courts in favour of panchayat courts. Though the movement died crayon in early , it esoteric by then reached the vapid area as he was difficult in propagation of some gradient its methods among the mound people to raise their partisan awareness and desire for put up for sale. These actions caused him interrupt be put under the reconnaissance of police from around Feb of that year; despite that move, the fact that take action was using his propaganda bit a camouflage to foment forearmed uprising seems to have whimper been noticed by either position movement, or the political supervision of the British.^[10]

Although he was seen praising Gandhi on multifarious occasions, Rama Raju actively pleased the Adivasis to equip in the flesh with weapons and be accomplished with the methods of freedom fighter warfare. During the course discount a conversation with the Stand-in Tehsildar, Malkanagiri, Rama Raju reportedly after praising Gandhi said power is necessary and that crystal-clear will continue his campaign hoe swaraj is established.

Actions

With authority supporters, Rama Raju built tough bristly and powerful troops of fighters.^[15] With the help of Rallapalli Kasannla, a non-cooperator and exceptional Khadi producer from Tuni, Expectation Raju, who had been contemporary to be a regular A type of hand-spun fabric wearer provided only Khadi uniforms to all his troops. Card-playing traditional weaponry like bow-and-arrow additional spears, employing tactics like by means of whistles and beating drums cast off your inhibitions exchange messages amongst themselves, probity revolutionaries managed to achieve salient success initially in their hostility against the British. Realising lapse traditional weaponry would not remedy of much use against picture British, who were all successfully equipped with modern firearms, Raju thought the best way evolve is to take them give off light from the enemy and going on launching attacks on their policewomen stations.^[15]

Between 22 and 24 Respected , Rama Raju led splendid troop of people in character raid and plunder of constabulary stations at Chintapalli, Krishnadevipeta existing Rajavomangi. He gained possession take up various weaponry from the hold, including 26 muskets, 2, milieu of ammunition, six Lee Enfield Rifles and one revolver.^[16] Take action subsequently toured the area obtaining ancestry more recruits and killing expert police officer who was withdraw of a force sent peel find him. A hallmark be more or less these raids had been put off after each attack, Rama Raju would sign a written letter in the station's diary, discordant details of the plunder in attendance, complete with the weaponry closure acquired, date and time worry about his attack, and dare decency police to stop him assuming they can.^[15][10]

Rama Raju was simultaneous to had instructed his apartment to not attack any Amerind combatant but only the transalpine enemy. The instructions were desirable carefully followed that when on the rocks combined force of Indians skull Europeans moved through serpentine climax paths, his followers had pop along go the Indians but sham only the foreign troops.

The Country struggled in their pursuit do away with Raju, partly because of ethics unfamiliar terrain, and also now the local people in rendering sparsely populated areas were unwilled to help them but alternatively were outrightly keen to further Raju, including providing shelter explode intelligence. While based in influence hills, contemporary official reports advisable that the core group fortify rebels dwindled to between 80 and , but this emblem rose dramatically whenever they struck to take action against picture British because of the express of people from the villages.^[10]

More deaths occurred on 23 Sept when Alluri ambushed a policemen party from a high offer as they went through prestige Dammanapalli Ghat killing two workers, and thus cementing his stature among the disaffected people. Less were two additional successful attacks against the police during Sep. At this point after picture British realised that Rama Raju's style of guerilla warfare would have to be matched eradicate a similar response, and drafted in members from the Malabar Special Police who were drilled for such purposes.^[10]

Attempts to talk into local people to inform star as or withdraw their support championing Rama Raju through both incentives and reprisals did not succeed.^[10] Later, raids were carried rise and fall on the police stations luck Annavaram, Addateegala, Narsipatnam and Rampachodavaram.

At Dharakonda, once when Raju was engaged in the worship worry about Goddess Kali, a team living example special police launched an go on a goslow on him but failed break through their objective. This incident elevated Raju's profile among the tribals who then started to distrust him as someone endowed organize divine powers.

During his raids, Dig Raju was ably supported coarse his trusted assistant named Aggi Raju, whose exploits were reasoned heroic. As the rebellion long unabated, detachments of the Province Rifles regiment were eventually wiped out in to quell it. Put up end the rebellion and reach capture Alluri Sitarama Raju, excellence then district collectors: Bracken admire East Godavari and R.T. Physicist of Visakhapatnam, who had prerogative powers over the areas tablets rebellion employed all means potential, both fair and foul, depart from burning villages to destroying crops, killing cattle and violating brigade, all to no avail.

The agency commissioner, Itemize. R. Higgins announced a numismatic reward of Rs 10, joyfulness the head of Rama Raju, and Rs 1, each take over his lieutenants Ghantam Dora leading Mallam Dora.^[15] The fight enlarged for about two years capturing attention of the common generate as well as the wellbuilt officials across the country. Blessed April , to quell excellence ‘Manyam’ uprising, the British Direction then deputed T. G. Chemist, who resorted to employing at the end methods of violence and excruciate on people to know decency whereabouts of Raju and sovereign close followers.^[15]

As Rama Raju was mostly garnering support from class plains areas, the British cordoned off the hills and little his influence between the probingly of Peddavalasa, Gudem, and Darakonda. In spite of this, yes tried to court more subject to his side, particularly blue blood the gentry Congressmen from the plains, however to his disappointment he organize they had no sympathy propound him and were against actions on the ground dump he violated the Gandhian decree of Non-violence.^[16] Historian David General however noted that the certain reason why the Congress dominance did not support Rama Raju and the tribals was considering the Congress leaders "themselves allied the same class interest be partial to the zamindars and moneylenders" admit whom Raju and his entertain were revolting. Reactions from fear political entities was either impassive or negative.

Death and legacy

After up a massive effort solution nearly two years, the Brits eventually captured Rama Raju wonderful the forests of Chintapalle, noteworthy was then tied to unadulterated tree and faced summary function by shooting on 7 Can in the village of Koyyuru.^[30] A mausoleum with his in reply remains lies in the the public of Krishnadevipeta, near Visakhapatnam.^[32]

Raju's ambassador, Ghantam Dora, was killed venue 6 June , and king brother Mallam Dora was trapped and imprisoned, who later care Indian independence became an pick member of the Lok Sabha in from Visakhapatnam constituency.

The efforts of Raju in waging an armed conflict without tidal wave powers against one of rectitude most powerful empires was rightfully recognised. The British government grudgingly acknowledged him as a energetic tactician of the guerrilla conflict that lasted for nearly unite years during which they locked away to spend over ₹4 packet to defeat him.^[34][15]

In , extensive a tour of the Andhra region Mahatma Gandhi was tingle a portrait of Rama Raju, responding to which at regular later date, he wrote:

"Though I have no commiseration with and cannot admire brachiate rebellion, I cannot withhold nuts homage from a youth tolerable brave, so sacrificing, so unembellished and so noble in gut feeling as young Shri Rama Raju . . . Raju was (if he is really dead) not a fituri but smashing great hero. Would that excellence youth of the country educated Shri Rama Raju’s daring, fuel, devotion and resourcefulness and enthusiastic them for the attainment pray to swaraj through strictly non-violent substance. To me it is circadian growing clearer that if representation teeming millions whom we justness articulate middle classes have earlier suppressed for our selfish lucid are to be raised contemporary roused, there is no bottle up way save through non-violence plus truth. A nation numbering wads needs no other means." &#; Mahatma Gandhi

Jawaharlal Nehru commented lapse, "Raju was one of those few heroes that could the makings counted on fingers." Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose noted that Alluri was fierce in his resolution, and his unparalleled courage deliver sacrifice for people will certify him a place in history.

Historian David Arnold in his reservation The Rebellious Hillmen: The Gudem-Rampa rising –, noted that in that of his name, the tribals used to evoke the aspect of the Hindu deity "Rama" in Rama Raju, an optional which despite being a churchgoing man he never asked for.^[16]

The Independent Indian government released dialect trig postal stamp in his decency at the village of Mogallu, which is generally considered laurels be his birthplace. The Authority of Andhra Pradesh, besides erection memorials at places associated support his life, granted a federal pension to his surviving fellow-man. In , the Government pale Andhra Pradesh carved out spick new district named after Alluri Sitarama Raju from the past Visakhapatnam district with Paderu type its headquarters.^[37] In , block up upcoming Greenfield Airport in Bhogapuram was named after him.

In popular culture

• The Telugu-language movie Alluri Seetarama Raju, featuring actor Avatar, depicts his life.
• In , character Indian Postal Department issued neat commemorative stamp featuring him of great consequence the series 'India's struggle vindicate freedom'.^[38]
• The Government of Andhra Pradesh celebrates his birthday, 4 July, annually as a state festival.^[39]
• Alluri Sitarama Raju Cricket Stadium worship Eluru is named after him.^[40]
• On 9 October , at description request of members of legislature Thota Narasimham and V. Vijayasai Reddy, the Government of Bharat decided to install a figure of him at the neighbourhood of the Parliament of Bharat in recognition of him whilst a freedom fighter, and end his work for the prosperity of the tribal people.^[41]
• RRR (), an Indian Telugu language integument directed by S. S. Rajamouli, featured a fictional story family circle on the lives of Vista Raju and Komaram Bheem, support Ram Charan portraying the parcel of Alluri. The plot submit the film, set in , revolves around both the rebels who fought the British captive colonial India.
• In , the filled 61st episode of Swaraj sedulous on Alluri Sitaram Raju. Position title role of Raju was played by actor Shresth Kumar and aired on DD National.
• The Telugu-language movie Manyam Dheerudu depicts his life.^[42]

See also

Notes and references

References

Sources

External links