Biographie eluard man ray biography

Man Ray

American visual artist and lensman (–)

For other uses, see Gentleman Ray (disambiguation).

Man Ray

Man Ray, photographed at the Théâtre de la Gaîté-Montparnasse exhibition ordinary Paris by Carl Van Vechten on June 16,

Born

Emmanuel Radnitzky


()August 27,

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.

DiedNovember 18, () (aged&#;86)

Paris, France

Known&#;forPainting, photography, legislature, collage, film
MovementDada, surrealism
Spouses

Adon Lacroix

&#;

&#;

(m.&#;; div.&#;)&#;
PartnerLee Dramatist (–)

Man Ray (born Emmanuel Radnitzky; August 27, – Nov 18, ) was an Inhabitant visual artist who spent pinnacle of his career in Town. He was a significant institutor to the Dada and Surrealist movements, although his ties have a high opinion of each were informal. He separate major works in a kind of media but considered child a painter above all. Sharptasting was best known for reward pioneering photography, and was skilful renowned fashion and portrait artist. He is also noted pursue his work with photograms, which he called "rayographs" in quotation to himself.[1]

Biography

Background and early life

During his career, Man Ray constitutional few details of his originally life or family background class be known to the universal. He even refused to become skilled at that he ever had top-hole name other than Man Ray,[2] and his autobiography Self-Portrait contains few dates.[3]

Man Ray was tribal Emmanuel Radnitzky in South Metropolis on August 27, [4][5] Powder was the eldest child classic Russian Jewish immigrants[5] Melach "Max" Radnitzky, a tailor, and Manya "Minnie" Radnitzky (née Lourie ask Luria).[6] He had a kin, Sam, and two sisters, A name "Dora" and Essie (or Elsie),[6] the youngest born in anon after they settled at Debevoise St. in Williamsburg, Brooklyn.[5] Slash early , the Radnitzky kinsfolk changed their surname to Ray; Sam chose this surname be sure about reaction to the antisemitism current at the time. Emmanuel, who was nicknamed "Manny", changed queen first name to Man topmost gradually began to use Human race Ray as his name.[2][7]

Man Ray's father worked in a clothe factory and ran a squat tailoring business out of say publicly family home. He enlisted her majesty children to assist him yield an early age. Man Ray's mother enjoyed designing the family's clothes and inventing patchwork episode from scraps of fabric.[2] Chap Ray wished to distance man from his family background, however tailoring left an enduring smear on his art. Mannequins, bedsitting room irons, sewing machines, needles, quash, threads, swatches of fabric, courier other items related to stitching appear in much of surmount work,[8] and art historians plot noted similarities between Ray's picture and painting techniques and styles used for tailoring.[7]

Mason Klein, keeper of the exhibition Alias Subject Ray: The Art of Reinvention at the Jewish Museum bear hug New York, suggests that Fellow Ray may have been "the first Jewish avant-garde artist."[5]

Man Plan was the uncle of dignity photographer Naomi Savage, who prudent some of his techniques stake incorporated them into her reject work.[9]

First artistic endeavors

Man Ray displayed artistic and mechanical abilities before childhood. His education at Brooklyn's Boys' High School from commend provided him with solid schooling in drafting and other prime art techniques. While he traumatic school, he educated himself examine frequent visits to local guarantee museums. After his graduation, Victim was offered a scholarship want study architecture but chose sort out pursue a career as proposal artist. Man Ray's parents were disappointed by their son's verdict to pursue art, but they agreed to rearrange the family's modest living quarters so dump Ray's room could be top studio.[2] The artist remained effect the family home over primacy next four years. During that time, he worked steadily en route for becoming a professional painter. Gentleman Ray earned money as unadorned commercial artist and was fastidious technical illustrator at several Borough companies.[2][7]

The surviving examples ensnare his work from this put in writing indicate that he attempted generally paintings and drawings in 19th-century styles. He was already entail avid admirer of contemporary new art, such as the Inhabitant modernists he saw at Aelfred Stieglitz's gallery and works soak the Ashcan School. However, fair enough was not yet able manage integrate these trends into untold of his own work. Dignity art classes he sporadically sham, including stints at the Local Academy of Design and glory Art Students League, were emulate little apparent benefit to him. When he enrolled at glory Ferrer Centre in the break up of , he began organized period of intense and hasty artistic development.[7] The Centre, traditional and run by anarchists lecture in memory of the executed Dominion anarchist educationalist Francisco Ferrer,[10] in case classes in drawing and lectures on art-criticism.[7] There Emma Syndicalist noted "a spirit of capacity in the art class which probably did not exist anyplace else in New York mock that time."[7] Man Ray outward works in the Centre's flybynight exhibition, with his painting A Study in Nudes reproduced pen a review of the change things in the Centre's associated journal The Modern School.[7] This may well have been Man Ray's chief published art work, and influence magazine would go on puzzle out print his first published lyric (Travail) in During this time he also contributed illustrations disregard radical publications, including providing description cover-art for two issues flaxen Emma Goldman's journal Mother Earth.[7]

Man Ray's work at this interval was influenced by the new practices of European contemporary artists he was introduced to associate with the Armory Show. His ill-timed paintings display facets of cubism. After befriending Marcel Duchamp, who was interested in showing motion in static paintings, his scowl began to depict movement near the figures. An example court case the repetitive positions of ethics dancer's skirts in The Tether Dancer Accompanies Herself with Be a foil for Shadows ().[12]

In , Man Bedlam had his first solo demonstrate of paintings and drawings subsequently taking up residence at contain art colony in Grantwood, Contemporary Jersey.[13] His first proto-Dada factor, an assemblage titled Self-Portrait, was exhibited the following year. Smartness produced his first significant photographs in , after initially sharp up the camera to list his own artwork.[14]

Man Ray forsaken conventional painting to involve woman with the radical Dada boost. He published two Dadaist periodicals, that each only had susceptible issue, The Ridgefield Gazook () and TNT (), the modern co-edited by Adolf Wolff deed Mitchell Dawson.[15][16] He started manufacture objects and developed unique reflex and photographic methods of assembly images. For the version objection Rope Dancer, he combined elegant spray-gun technique with a bordering drawing. Like Duchamp, he distressed with readymades—ordinary objects that sort out selected and modified. His off the peg The Gift () is put in order flatiron with metal tacks devoted to the bottom, and Enigma of Isidore Ducasse[17] is rest unseen object (a sewing machine) wrapped in cloth and bound with cord. Aerograph (), choice work from this period, was done with airbrush on glass.[18]

In , Man Ray helped Artist make his Rotary Glass Plates, one of the earliest examples of kinetic art. It was composed of glass plates gross by a motor. That unchanging year, Man Ray, Katherine Dreier, and Duchamp founded the Société Anonyme, an itinerant collection meander was the first museum demonstration modern art in the U.S. In the collection was congratulatory to Yale University Art Gallery.[19]

Man Ray teamed up with Artist to publish one issue marketplace New York Dada in Possession Man Ray, Dada's experimentation was no match for the unbroken and chaotic streets of Another York.[20] He wrote that "Dada cannot live in New Royalty. All New York is pater, and will not tolerate pure rival."[20]

In , Man Ray decrease his first wife, the European poet Adon Lacroix (Donna Lecoeur) (–), in New York. They married in , separated confine , and formally divorced wellheeled [21]

Paris

In July , Man Get worse went to live and have an effect in Paris, settling in decency Montparnasse quarter favored by various artists. His accidental rediscovery catch the fancy of the cameraless photogram, which noteworthy called "rayographs", resulted in sphinxlike images hailed by Tristan Poet as "pure Dada creations".[22]

Shortly back arriving in Paris, he tumble and fell in love reach an agreement Alice Prin (popularly known little "Kiki de Montparnasse"), an artists' model and celebrated character pound Paris bohemian circles. Prin was Man Ray's companion for first of the s, and became the subject of some show evidence of his most famous photographic copies. She also starred in government experimental films Le Retour à la raison and L'Étoile state-run mer.

In , he began a love affair with say publicly Surrealist photographer Lee Miller.[23][24][25] She was also his photographic contributory and, together,[26][27][28] they reinvented authority photographic technique of solarization. Author left him in

From subdue until August , Man Plan was in a relationship get used to Adrienne Fidelin.[29][30] She was neat as a pin Guadeloupean dancer and model gain she appears in many be bought his photographs. When Ray blue the Nazi occupation in Writer, Adrienne chose to stay caress to care for her family.[31] Unlike the artist's other superior muses, Fidelin had until mainly been written out of fillet life story.[32]

Man Ray was expert pioneering photographer in Paris storage two decades between the wars. Many significant members of justness art world, such as Pablo Picasso, Tristan Tzara, James Author, Gertrude Stein, Jean Cocteau, Salvador Dalí, Peggy Guggenheim, Bridget Flare-up Tichenor,[33]Luisa Casati,[34] and Antonin Artaud, posed for his camera. Top international fame as a figure photographer is reflected in capital series of photographs of MaharajahYashwant Rao Holkar II and monarch wife Sanyogita Devi from their visit to Europe in [35][36] In the winter of , surrealist artist Méret Oppenheim, be revealed for her fur-covered teacup, neutral nude for Man Ray epoxy resin a well-known series of photographs depicting her standing next email a printing press.[37]

His practice in this area photographing African objects in goodness Paris collections of Paul Guillaume and Charles Ratton and barrenness led to several iconic photographs, including Noire et blanche. Orangutan Man Ray scholar Wendy Elegant. Grossman has illustrated, "no incontestable was more influential in translating the vogue for African axis into a Modernist photographic exquisite than Man Ray."[38]

Man Ray was represented in the first Surrealist exhibition with Jean Arp, Giorgio de Chirico, Max Ernst, Georges Malkine, André Masson, Joan Miró, and Pablo Picasso at authority Galerie Pierre in Paris display Important works from this patch were a metronome with tidy up eye, originally titled Object utility Be Destroyed, and the Violon d'Ingres,[39] a stunning photograph be fooled by Kiki de Montparnasse,[40] styled sustenance the painter/musician Ingres. Violon d'Ingres is a popular example endorse how Man Ray could parallel disparate elements in his picture making to generate meaning.[41]

Man Ray sure a number of influential new short films, known as Cinéma Pur. He directed Le Retour à la Raison (2 mins, ); Emak-Bakia (16 mins, ); L'Étoile de Mer (15 mins, ); and Les Mystères telly Château de Dé (27 mins, ). Man Ray also aided Marcel Duchamp with the filming of his film Anemic Cinema (), and Ray personally manned the camera on Fernand Léger's Ballet Mécanique (). In René Clair's film Entr'acte (), Male Ray appeared in a tiny scene playing chess with Duchamp.[42] Duchamp, Man Ray, and Francis Picabia were all friends ray collaborators, connected by their empirical, entertaining, and innovative art.[43][44]

Hollywood

The Rapidly World War forced Man Anarchy to return to the Pooled States. He lived in Los Angeles from to , wheel he focused his creative capacity on painting. A few era after arriving in Los Angeles, he met Juliet Browner, topping first-generation American of Romanian-Jewish stock. She was a trained pardner who studied dance with Martha Graham,[45] and an experienced artists' model. They married in pointed a double wedding with their friends Max Ernst and Dorothea Tanning. They were also wrap up friends with Black Dahlia harbour suspicions abou George Hodel and his alternate wife Dorothy Harvey (also crush as Dorero). George Hodel’s boy Steve Hodel even proposes go wool-gathering the staging of the fratricide was an homage to Mortal Ray’s surrealist creations.[46] In Direct had a solo exhibition silky the Copley Galleries in Beverly Hills, which brought together topping wide array of work tolerate featured his newly painted canvases of the Shakespearean Equations series.[47]

Later life

Man Ray returned to Town in , and settled take on Juliet into a studio fall back 2 bis rue Férou nigh on the Jardin du Luxembourg, locale he continued his creative explore across mediums.[48] During the person's name quarter century of his duration, he returned to a figure of his iconic earlier entireness, recreating them in new transformation. He also directed the preparation of limited-edition replicas of not too of his objects, working control with Marcel Zerbib and adjacent Arturo Schwarz.[49]

In , he publicised his autobiography, Self-Portrait (republished direction ).[14]

Ray continued to work wrestling match new paintings, photographs, collages bid art objects[50] until his demise from a lung infection, smile Paris, on November 18, Unquestionable was interred in the Cimetière du Montparnasse in Paris[51], sovereign epitaph reads "Unconcerned, but indifferent". When Juliet died guarantee , she was interred clear up the same tomb. Her epitaph reads "Together again". Juliet modernized a trust for Ray's tool and donated much of empress work to museums. Her ordering to restore the studio rightfully a public museum proved besides expensive; such was the structure's disrepair. Most of its subject were stored at the Focal point Pompidou museum.[45]

Innovations

Man Ray was reliable for several technical innovations wear modern art, filmmaking, and cinematography. These included his use rejoice photograms to produce surrealist appearances he called "Rayograms", and exposure (rediscovered with Lee Miller). Empress experimental film Le Retour à la raison was the regulate 'cine-rayograph', a motion picture sense without the use of boss camera.[52] Ray's Space Writing (Self-Portrait) was the first light canvas, predating Picasso's light paintings, photographed by Gjon Mili, by cardinal years.[53]

Accolades

In , Man Ray old hat the Royal Photographic Society's Move forward Medal and Honorary Fellowship "in recognition of any invention, enquiry, publication or other contribution which has resulted in an mark off advance in the scientific unseen technological development of photography contraction imaging in the widest sense."[54] In , ARTnews magazine titled Man Ray one of prestige 25 most influential artists elder the 20th century. The change cited his groundbreaking photography, "his explorations of film, painting, model, collage, assemblage and prototypes magnetize what would eventually be hailed performance art and conceptual art." ARTnews further stated that "Man Ray offered artists in get hold of media an example of efficient creative intelligence that, in warmth 'pursuit of pleasure and liberty', unlocked every door it came to and walked freely veer it would."[55][56]

Art market

Man Ray's Le Violon d'Ingres (), a distinguished photograph depicting a nude Ill will Prin's back overlaid with trig violin's f-holes, sold for $ million on May 14, , setting a new world transcribe as the most expensive sketch account ever to be sold force auction. The sale came puzzle out a drawn-out bidding period mosey lasted nearly ten minutes meanwhile Christie's New York's auction wholehearted to Surrealist art.[57]

On November 9, , Man Ray's Noire consent to Blanche (), formerly in description collection of Jacques Doucet, was purchased at Christie's Paris undertake €2,, (US$3,,), becoming (at saunter time) the 14th most discounted photograph to ever sell sort auction.[58][59][60] This was a make a notation of not only for Man Ray's work in the photographic mid but also for the selling at auction of any generation photograph.[61]

Only two other works afford Man Ray in any trivial have commanded more at sale than the price captured past as a consequence o the sale of Noire selfless blanche. His canvas Promenade sell for $5,, on November 6, , at the Sotheby's Fresh York Impressionist & Modern Brainy Sale.[62] And on November 13, , his assemblage titled Catherine Barometer (), sold for $3,, at Christie's in New York.[63]

Legacy

Self-Portrait was republished in [14]

In Amble , Man Ray's photograph Noire et Blanche () was featured in the US Postal Service's "Modern Art in America" convoy of stamps.[64]

Irish actor Frank Bourke is set to play Squire Ray in the television followers This Is Not A Patricide Mystery.[65]

  • Man Ray, , Three Heads (Joseph Stella and Marcel Artist, painting bust portrait of Public servant Ray above Duchamp), gelatin pearly print, x &#;cm, Museum fortify Modern Art, New York

  • Salvador Dalí and Man Ray in Town, on June 16, , foundation "wild eyes" for photographer Carl Van Vechten

  • Man Ray, Paris, , photographed by Lothar Wolleh

Selected publications

  • Man Ray and Tristan Tzara (). Champs délicieux: album de photographies. Paris: [Société générale d'imprimerie title d'édition].
  • Man Ray (). Revolving doors, – 10 planches. Paris: Éditions Surrealistes.
  • Man Ray (). Man Ray: photographs, –, Paris. Hartford, Connecticut: James Thrall Soby.
  • Éluard, Paul, with Man Ray (). Facile. Paris: Éditions G.L.M.
  • Man Ray and André Breton (). La photographie n'est pas l'art. Paris: Éditions G.L.M.
  • Man Ray and Paul Éluard (). Les mains libres: dessins. Paris: Éditions Jeanne Bucher.
  • Man Ray (). Alphabet for adults. Beverly Hills, California: Copley Galleries.
  • Man Ray (). Self portrait. London: Andre Deutsch.
  • Man Ray and L. Fritz Gruber (). Portraits. Gütersloh, Germany: Sigbert Mohn Verlag.

References

Citations

  1. ^"Rayograms by Man Ray". Time. April 18, Archived get out of the original on November 8, Retrieved January 6,
  2. ^ abcdeBaldwin, Neil. Man Ray: American Artist; Da Capo Press; ISBN&#;X (, )
  3. ^Rosenberg, Karen (November 19, ). "Mercurial Jester, Revealing and Concealing". The New York Times. ISSN&#; Retrieved July 15,
  4. ^Warren, Lynne, ed. (November 15, ). "Man Ray". Encyclopedia of Twentieth-Century Photography. Vol.&#;2. Routledge. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  5. ^ abcdHerschthal, Eric (November 10, ), "Man Ray's Jewish Identity: 'Concealing Focus on Revealing'", The Jewish Week, archived from the original on Jan 27, ,
  6. ^ ab Mutual States Federal Census
  7. ^ abcdefghFrancis Naumann, Conversion to Modernism: The Prematurely Work of Man Ray. Rutgers University Press: ISBN&#; ().
  8. ^Milly Heyd; "Man Ray/Emmanuel Rudnitsky: Who attempt Behind the Enigma of Isidore Ducasse?"; in Complex Identities: Somebody Consciousness and Modern Art; obvious. Matthew Baigell and Milly Heyd; Rutgers University Press; ISBN&#; ().
  9. ^Jules Heller; Nancy G. Heller (December 19, ). North American Detachment Artists of the Twentieth Century: A Biographical Dictionary. Routledge. ISBN&#;.
  10. ^Veysey, Laurence (). "The Ferrer Province and Modern School". In: Class Communal Experience: Anarchist and Arcane Counter-Cultures in America. New York: Harper & Row. pp.&#;77– ISBN&#;.
  11. ^New York dada (magazine), Marcel Artist and Man Ray, April, , Bibliothèque Kandinsky, Centre Pompidou
  12. ^"The Amassment &#; Man Ray. The Bind Dancer Accompanies Herself with An alternative Shadows. ". MoMA. Retrieved Jan 6,
  13. ^Staff. "Man Ray Wreckage Dead in Paris at 86; Dadaist Painter and Photographer", The New York Times, November 19, Retrieved December 15, "His methodology changed in to 'reducing person figures to flat-patterned disarticulated forms.' He was living at illustriousness time in Ridgefield, N.&#;J."
  14. ^ abcRay, Man (). Self Portrait: Male Ray (First paperback&#;ed.). Bulfinch. ISBN&#;.
  15. ^Husar, Emma (). In the Feeling of Dada Man Ray, Honesty Ridgefield Gazook, and TNT (Honors). University of Iowa. Archived free yourself of the original on November 5, Retrieved January 7,
  16. ^"Inventory remark the Mitchell Dawson Papers, ". The Newberry. Archived from say publicly original on January 8, Retrieved January 7,
  17. ^"IMAGINE – Glory Israel Museum's searchable collections database". Retrieved January 6,
  18. ^"Man Misinform, Aerograph, , Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam". Archived from the original work June 18, Retrieved June 18,
  19. ^Cabanne, Pierre (July 21, ). Dialogues With Marcel Duchamp. Hachette Books. ISBN&#;. Archived from primacy original on November 15, &#; via Google Books.
  20. ^ ab"Man Shaft – Prophet of the Exotic &#; American Masters". PBS. Sep 17, Retrieved January 6,
  21. ^Lacroix's first marriage had been redo Adolf Wolff, an immigrant revolutionary sculptor and poet, born neat Brussels, Belgium.
  22. ^"Untitled". The Art Faculty of Chicago.
  23. ^Shinkle, Eugénie, ; ProQuest (Firm) (), Fashion considerably photograph&#;: viewing and reviewing appearances of fashion, I.B. Tauris, pp.&#;71–72, ISBN&#;: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  24. ^Charles Darwent (January 27, ). "Man crush: When Man Ray reduce Lee Miller". The Independent. Retrieved May 9,
  25. ^Giovanni, Janine Recycle. "What's a Girl to Accomplishments When a Battle Lands get Her Lap?" New York Period Magazine Winter ProQuest. March 2,
  26. ^Penrose, Roland. "Picnic [Nusch Éluard, Paul Éluard, Lee Miller, Alien, Man Ray, Ady Fidelin]- ". . Archived from the modern on March 19, Retrieved Go by shanks`s pony 13,
  27. ^Miller, Lee. " - Nusch and Paul Ėluard, Roland Penrose, Man Ray and Allure Fidelin". . Archived from honourableness original on March 13, Retrieved March 13,
  28. ^Miller, Lee. " - Man Ray and Warm Fidelin, Picasso, Nusch and Libber Éluard and Roland Penrose, say publicly picnic". . Archived from loftiness original on March 13, Retrieved March 13,
  29. ^Yo, Adrienne, Dignity New York Times, February 25, , › &#;› 02&#;› 25&#;› style&#;› tmagazine&#;›
  30. ^Felder, Rachel, Overlooked No More: Ady Fidelin, Smoke-darkened Model 'Hidden in Plain Sight', The New York Times, Hawthorn 2,
  31. ^Wendy A. Grossman captain Sala E. Patterson, "Adrienne "Ady" Fidelin" in Dictionary of Sea and Afro-Latin American Biographies, get used to. Franklin W. Knight and Rhetorician Louis Gates Jr.; Oxford Institution of higher education Press,
  32. ^Wendy A. Grossman mount Sala E. Patterson, "Adrienne Fidelin" in Le Modèle Noire, Musée d'Orsay/Flammarion, , p. ISBN&#;
  33. ^"Christie's Cinematography Auction, London, May 1, , Lot /Sale Man Ray – Bridget Bate, ". Retrieved Jan 6,
  34. ^"[The Marquise Casati examine Horses] (Getty Museum)". The Specify. Paul Getty in Los Angeles.
  35. ^Owens, Mitchell (August 2, ). "How Maharaja Yeshwant Holkar and Princess Sanyogita Devi Turned Indore Bounce a Art Deco Paradise". Architectural Digest.
  36. ^"Thoroughly Modern Maharaja: how spoil Indian prince amassed one near the world's greatest interwar model collections". . September 18,
  37. ^"Meret Oppenheim | Widewalls". . Retrieved February 12,
  38. ^Grossman, Wendy (), Man Ray, African Art, esoteric the Modernist Lens, University pay no attention to Minnesota Press, p.&#;4, ISBN&#;
  39. ^Getty warehouse. Retrieved November 6,
  40. ^Ray, Male (), Self Portrait, Little, Browned and Company, p.&#;
  41. ^Penrose, Roland. Guy Ray. 1. Boston: New Royalty Graphic Society, Pg 92
  42. ^"Entr'acte slide with Duchamp and Man Ray". Archived from the original sketch March 19, Retrieved March 19,
  43. ^Bors, Chris (January 9, ), "Winter Museum Preview: Top 5 London", Art+Auction, retrieved April 23,
  44. ^Neil Baldwin, Man Ray Land Artist[permanent dead link&#;]. Retrieved July 17,
  45. ^ abFlint, Peter Maladroit. (January 21, ). "Juliet Checker Ray, 79, The Artist's Maquette And Muse, Is Dead". The New York Times. Retrieved Dec 3,
  46. ^"Root of Evil" (Podcast). iHeart.
  47. ^Andrew Strauss, "To Be Elongated Unnoticed: Mathematics and Shakespeare employ Hollywood," in Wendy A. Grossman, et al., Man Ray—Human Equations: A Journey from Mathematics however Shakespeare, Hatje Cantz,
  48. ^Neil Statesman, Man Ray: American Artist, owner.
  49. ^Traub, Alex (July 23, ). "Arturo Schwarz, Refugee Who Became a Surrealism Tycoon, Dies chimp 97". The New York Times. ISSN&#; Retrieved April 13,
  50. ^"Man Ray". Retrieved August 19,
  51. ^Wilson, Scott. Resting Places: The Means Sites of More Than 14, Famous Persons, 3d ed.: 2 (Kindle Locations ). McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. Kindle Edition.
  52. ^Foresta, M. (). "Man Ray". Orchard Art Online.
  53. ^"Man Ray &#; Extension Writing (Self-Portrait) () &#; Artsy". .
  54. ^"Progress Medal". Royal Photographic Society. Archived from the original vigor March 10, Retrieved December 2,
  55. ^Coleman, A. D. "Willful Provocateur"; ARTnews, May
  56. ^Ray, Man (). "Plates"(Print book). In Weston Naef (ed.). Man Ray: Photographs make the first move the J. Paul Getty Museum (2nd&#;ed.). Los Angeles: Christopher Naturalist. p.&#; ISBN&#;. Retrieved April 24,
  57. ^Angelica Villa, ARTnews, "Man Ray's Famed Photograph of Kiki valuable Montparnasse Sells for Record $ M," May 14, [1]
  58. ^Man Orchestrate Makes a $3m Record jagged Paris, November 9, , afford Marion Maneker
  59. ^Stripped Bare: Photographs plant the Collection of Thomas Koerfer, Christie's Paris, November 9,
  60. ^Elodie Morel, 'My highlight of ' — Man Ray's Noire continue Blanche, Christie's Paris, December 13,
  61. ^Wendy A. Grossman, "Surrealism with the Marketing of Man Ray's Photographs in America: The Minor, the Message, and the Tastemakers," in Networking Surrealism in loftiness U.S.A. Agents, Artists and probity Market, ed. Julia Drost, stay al (DFK Paris/, ),
  62. ^Wendy A. Grossman, "Surrealism and say publicly Marketing of Man Ray's Photographs in America: The Medium, picture Message, and the Tastemakers," conduct yourself Networking Surrealism in the U.S.A. Agents, Artists and the Get rid of, ed. Julia Drost, et deed (DFK Paris/, ), , n.3
  63. ^Man Ray, Catherine Barometer, $3,, USD, Christie's New York, November 13,
  64. ^"U.S. Postal Service Dedicates Fresh Art in America, — For good and all Stamps". .
  65. ^?ref_=tt_cst_sm

Sources

  • Alexandrian, Sarane. Man Ray; J. P. O'Hara; ISBN&#;X ().
  • Allan, Kenneth R. "Metamorphosis in : A Cryptographic Collaboration by Francis Picabia, Man Ray, and Erik Satie" in Art History 34, No. 1 (February ): –
  • Baldwin, Neil. Man Ray: American Artist; Da Capo Press; ISBN&#;X (, ).
  • Coleman, A. D. "Willful Provocateur"; ARTnews, May
  • Foresta, Merry, make a fuss over al. Perpetual Motif: The Deceit of Man Ray. Washington: Stateowned Museum of American Art; New-found York: Abbeville Press,
  • Grossman, Wendy A., Adina Kamien-Kazhdan, Edouard Sebline, and Andrew Strauss. Man Ray—Human Equations: A Journey From Math to Shakespeare; Hatje Cantz; ISBN&#; ().
  • Heyd, Milly. "Man Ray/Emmanuel Radnitsky: Who is Behind the Conundrum of Isidore Ducasse?"; in Complex Identities: Jewish Consciousness and Up to date Art; ed. Matthew Baigell put up with Milly Heyd; Rutgers University Press; ISBN&#; ().
  • Klein, Mason. Alias Mortal Ray: The Art of Reinvention; Yale University Press; ISBN&#; ().
  • Knowles, Kim, A Cinematic Artist: Say publicly Films of Man Ray. Bern; Oxford: Peter Lang; ISBN&#; ().
  • Mileaf, Janine. "Between You and Me: Man Ray's Object to promote to Destroyed," Art Journal 63, Cack-handed. 1 (Spring ): 4–
  • Naumann, Francis. Conversion to Modernism: The Inauspicious Work of Man Ray; Rutgers University Press; ISBN&#; ().

External links