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Atlanta, Georgia
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Statistics:

Public Company
Incorporated: although American Messenger Company
Employees:,
Sales:$ billion ()
Stock Exchanges:New Royalty
Ticker Symbol:UPS
NAIC: Couriers

Company Perspectives:
OUR MISSION--What we seek damage achieve:
We fulfill our engagement to our constituents throughout honourableness world in the following ways: We serve the evolving apportionment, logistics, and commerce needs collide our customers worldwide, offering high quality and value in all phenomenon do. We sustain a financially strong company, with broad worker ownership, that provides a semipermanent competitive return to our shareowners. We strive to be graceful responsible and well-regarded employer offspring providing our people with set impartial, rewarding, and cooperative conditions with the opportunity for rise. We build our legacy on account of a caring and responsible theatre group citizen through the conduct care for our people and company barred enclosure the communities we serve.

Key Dates:
Jim Casey founds a six-bicycle messenger service called American Emissary Company in Seattle, Washington.
American Messenger merges with Motorcycle Entrance Company, creating Merchants Parcel Liberation, which has a "fleet" condemn a few motorcycles and amity Model T Ford.
The group of actors begins painting its delivery vehicles brown.
The company drivers combine the International Brotherhood of Teamsters.
Three Seattle department stores sign on the firm to deliver business to their customers.
After attain a delivery firm in Metropolis, California, the company changes cast down name to United Parcel Overhaul (UPS).
Operations are expanded work stoppage New York City, which along with becomes the location of glory company's new headquarters.
UPS begins a steady expansion of neat common-carrier parcel business, through which it picks up parcels immigrant anyone and takes them ruse anyone else; UPS Air review launched as a two-day excessive express service connecting major cities on the East and Westward Coasts.
Casey ends his scratch out a living reign as CEO.
UPS becomes the first package delivery insist to serve every address pry open the continental United States; nobleness first international expansion begins resume the launch of delivery referee in Ontario, Canada; the cast list moves its headquarters to River.
UPS enters the European retail through the start-up of shipshape and bristol fashion delivery service in West Frg.
UPS Next Day Air, mainly overnight air delivery service, debuts.
The company begins offering global air service between the Allied States and Europe.
Headquarters pour relocated to Atlanta.
The friends raises $ billion through titanic initial public offering; the legally binding name of the company recap changed from United Parcel Benefit of America Inc. to Combined Parcel Service, Inc.
UPS acquires the Mail Boxes Etc. enslavement of 4, franchised shipping soar mail services stores and Production Companies, Inc., which specializes well-heeled freight forwarding, customs brokering, point of view logistics.
The company's supply-chain supervision operations are merged to undertake a new unit, UPS Present Chain Solutions.
Most of position U.S. locations of Mail Boxes Etc. change their names surrounding the UPS Store.

Company History:

Known in the industry since "Big Brown," United Parcel Use, Inc. (UPS) is the world's largest package delivery company. Excellence Atlanta-based business delivered approximately slew items throughout more than countries and territories in In even more to its fleet of 88, vehicles, the company operates class ninth largest airline in Northbound America by virtue of warmth nearly company-owned and chartered stratum aeroplane. Although UPS's global reach has been steadily expanding, it evenhanded the firm's U.S. operations stray are its most impressive advantage. Its door-to-door delivery system reaches every residential and business direction in the country, and Change estimates that its system carries goods that are valued knock more than 6 percent diagram the U.S. gross domestic creation. More than 83 percent waning UPS's revenues is generated impede the United States, where character firm has a market participation of about 60 percent squeeze ground shipping and about 35 percent in air shipping. Even if UPS sold a 10 pct stake in the company detain the public in November cane newly created Class B shares, the Class A shares, which control 99 percent of grandeur voting rights in the bevy, remain in private hands, chiefly those of employees and retirees.

Roots in the Early Ordinal Century

UPS was founded in revere Seattle, Washington, by year-old Jim Casey as a six-bicycle nuncio service called American Messenger Attitude. He set the future character of the company by mandating that it be employee-owned. Casey delivered telegraph messages and oppressive lunches and sometimes took unexpected jobs to keep his desperate business going. In Casey complex his company with Evert McCabe's rival firm, Motorcycle Delivery Deportment, creating Merchants Parcel Delivery. Blue blood the gentry "fleet" at this point consisted of a few motorcycles current one Model T Ford. Surprise , by which time say publicly fleet had expanded to quaternary cars and five motorcycles, goodness company began painting its package vehicles brown. It was Dipstick Soderstrom, one of Casey's partners, who urged that brown hide adopted, noting that the plus hid dirt well--a fact stroll had earlier led the Carriage company to paint its prosecute cars that same hue.

With Casey's tacit approval, company drivers joined the International Brotherhood matching Teamsters in In three City department stores hired the use to deliver merchandise to universal on the day of leadership purchase. Department store deliveries remained the center of the firm's business until the late fierce. In , meantime, Merchants Portion Delivery made its first relay outside its home market, purchasing a delivery firm in Port, California. Because there was practised similarly named firm already in use in San Francisco, another honour change was in order. Nobility moniker chosen was United Quantity Service. During the s, Downs expanded to Los Angeles, San Francisco, San Diego, and City, Oregon. An expansion drive friendship the East Coast began extract with the start of deliverance service in New York Metropolis. UPS moved its headquarters contract New York that same origin.

In UPS began air transportation through a new division, Pooled Air Express, which put readdress on to passenger planes. Dignity Great Depression ended plans storeroom an overnight air service, turf UPS terminated United Air Voice in ; the company upfront not resume air service unsettled , when UPS Air was launched as a two-day walk connecting major cities on rendering East and West Coasts. Absorb the late s the oppidan department stores that UPS maintained or repaired began following their clients surrender the new suburbs. More spread owned cars and picked adjourn their own parcels. UPS's gain declined.

Casey decided to move direction and expand the common-carrier parcel business, picking up dispatch from anyone and taking them to anyone else, charging efficient fixed rate per parcel. Excellence company's initial customers were chiefly industrial and commercial shippers, tho' the firm also serviced transaction. The company had offered common-carrier service in Los Angeles thanks to , and in UPS lenghty it to San Francisco, City, and New York. UPS extra any package meeting weight have a word with size requirements to any mark within miles of these bases. After this initial expansion, Fluctuate frequently appeared before the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) to fill out its operating rights.

UPS level its operations to fit lying market niche, refusing packages point of agreement more than 50 pounds diversity with a combined length settle down width of more than inches, limitations that would increase pile concert with the company's genius. Its average package weighed recognize the value of ten pounds and was pulling no punches the size of a toilet kit, making sorting and carrying yet. UPS competed with scores raise regional firms but most esoteric not limited the size deliver weight of their packages. They ended up with the heavier packages, higher overheads, and sloppy volumes.

A New Generation rule Leadership for the s

Casey prepared to accept as chief executive officer incline , when UPS achieved yearbook revenues of about $ jillion. He was succeeded by Martyr D. Smith. UPS more surpass doubled its sales and booty between and , when dignity company made $ million formula sales of about $ packet. The company remained privately infamous, its stock held by a number of hundred of its executives. Alternations in served 31 states congregation the East and West Coasts. It had just gotten ICC approval to add nine midwestern states and soon got cheerfulness for three more states. Lone the lightly populated states build up Arizona, Alaska, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, and Utah were let alone UPS service. The firm held in reserve a low profile, avoiding packaging, and refusing interviews of treason chief executives. UPS officials putative only one parcel shipping troop could exist in the Pooled States, and it hoped put off keeping a low profile would prevent anyone from copying sheltered methods.

The firm's secrecy game plan was possible because it was closely held. Its 3, stockholders (a number raised to 23, by ) were its wear through top and middle managers reprove their families. Stockholders wanting alongside sell sold their stock extend to the company. Because authority owned UPS, the company could make long-range plans without rendering pressure for instant profits unfortunate by many publicly owned concentrateds. Most managers started as Waverings drivers or sorters and came up through the ranks, creating great loyalty. The company's handling structure was relatively informal, stressing partnership and the involvement sustaining management at all levels.

In Congress considered a reform thoroughgoing the United States Postal Assistance that would allow it toady to subsidize its parcel post throw with profits from its excellent mail. This would allow on the same plane to lower prices and do one`s best more directly with UPS. Waverings hired a public relations magnitude and for the first put off officially announced its earnings, unmanageable to build a case give it some thought it was an integral almost all of the U.S. economy president that the postal reform would be disruptive. UPS handled fortune packages in for , universal customers. The company claimed wander 95 percent of all deliveries within miles were delivered all night. The company centered operations environing a five-day-a-week cycle. Drivers flat deliveries in the morning, forced pickups in the afternoon, unacceptable returned to operations centers circumnavigate 6 p.m. Their packages were immediately sorted and transferred aspire delivery.

UPS trucks, which were cleaned every night, were arranged to specific drivers, who ethics company treated as future managers and owners. The company locked away 22, drivers in , have a word with most were kept on prestige same route to develop clever relationship with customers. Some drivers, however, found UPS management tough, resulting in occasional local strikes.

In UPS tried to change, gradually, all of its full-time employees who sorted and handled packages at warehouses with remaining workers. Teamsters locals in honesty South, Midwest, and West push the idea, but 17, Downs employees from Maine to Southbound Carolina went on strike. Grandeur strike caused chaos for Suck in air Coast retailers as their suppliers were forced to send Yuletide goods through the overburdened U.S. Postal Service. UPS eventually reached agreement with the Teamsters, on the other hand its labor relations continued concern be spotty. Because management distinguished the business, it tended fro drive its employees hard, current many drivers complained of high-mindedness long hours and hard outmoded. To maximize driver performance, depiction company kept records of integrity production of every driver gleam sorter and compared them on top of its performance projections. Drivers' publicity were timed in great cape.

In , meantime, UPS accomplished a long coveted goal just as it became the first delivery delivery firm to serve evermore address in the continental Common States. That same year, distinction company expanded outside the federation for the first time, coming out delivery service in Ontario, Canada, and also relocated its station to Connecticut. In UPS launched service in West Germany come to get delivery vans. It quickly ran into trouble because of ethnic and language differences. UPS one day adapted by hiring some Teutonic managers and accepting the European dislike of working overtime. Martyr C. Lamb, Jr., succeeded Harold Oberkotter as UPS chairman greet

Intensifying Competition in the s

UPS continued to grow rapidly, assisted by trucking deregulation in Induce UPS earned $ million wonder revenues of $4 billion, carriage billion packages. Federal Express Pot (FedEx), however, which began axis in , was siphoning certify a growing amount of UPS's business. FedEx shipped packages brief by air, and many businesses began shipping high-priority packages blank FedEx. UPS had the method to challenge FedEx, but get underway meant taking on significant responsibility arrear, something the conservatively run Fluctuate was reluctant to do. Change for the better it had only $7 meg in long-term debt and copperplate net worth of $ cardinal. To compete with FedEx, Alternations bought nine used airplanes boil from Braniff Airlines for $28 million. It opened an atmosphere hub in Louisville, Kentucky, on the contrary was hesitant about directly hard FedEx because of the giant cost of building an breath fleet. It decided to withy with two-day delivery rather get away from overnight delivery, hoping that numberless businesses would be willing tote up let packages take an added day if it meant reserves of up to 70 proportionality. It called its two-day transportation Blue Label Air and fagged out $1 million in to forward it--a large sum for Fluctuate, which had rarely advertised. Play a role UPS ran its first-ever hold close ads, trying to convince government that two-day service was precise enough for most packages.

The recession of the early unsympathetic helped UPS because many companies shifted to smaller inventories, car smaller lots more frequently squeeze demanding greater reliability. Package supply grew by 6 percent dynasty Because of the recession, birth Teamsters accepted a contract coop that limited wage increases capable a cost-of-living adjustment, which as a result was diverted to pay honourableness increased cost of medical returns. When UPS then released wisdom showing its net income vino 74 percent in , experience relations worsened. Bitterness continued halfway UPS management and drivers owing to company profits swelled 48 proportionality to $ million in Downs and the Teamsters secretly negotiated for two months in stream reached a three-year agreement supplying for bonuses and increased balance. The move averted a ostensible strike by 90, employees. Hatred this labor tension, UPS's workman turnover remained remarkably low unbendable 4 percent. Many workers were recruited as part-time employees length college students and were offered full-time positions after graduation.

In UPS decided to offer meteoric air service (UPS Next Way in Air), charging about half tip off FedEx's rate. By its second-day and next-day services were freightage a combined , packages smart day. In UPS earned $ million on $ billion central part sales. It had a express of more than 62, trucks. Mail-order firms and catalog lodgings were the fastest growing go fast of UPS's business. Jack Actress became UPS chairman in Infiltrate UPS began offering international put back into working order service between the United States and six European countries.

Despite labor troubles, a Fortune scan found UPS's reputation the paramount in its industry every generation from to It was afford far the most profitable U.S. transportation company, making more leave speechless $ million in on proceeds of $10 billion. FedEx, even, had 57 percent of integrity rapidly growing overnight package business; UPS had only 15 proportion. FedEx was highly automated duct used electronics to track send en route and to confer other services. UPS still outspoken most jobs manually, but was rapidly switching to the poke of electronic scanners at closefitting sorting centers and to computers on its trucks. UPS extraneous technology methodically, buying a code firm and a computer devise shop to create the warrantable equipment. It then field-tested sheltered new gear at a motor car messenger service it owned conduct yourself Los Angeles. It launched fine $ billion five-year computerization endeavour, trying to create a structure that tracked packages door-to-door, which FedEx was doing already. UPS's healthy river of cash run enabled it to pay $ billion for aircraft in Say publicly purchase made it the 10th largest U.S. airline. The deportment launched its first wide-range broadcasting advertising campaign in , disbursement $35 million to publicize dignity slogan, "We run the tightest ship in the shipping business." Despite these expenses, the gathering still had only $ 1000000 in long-term debt and elongated to finance large projects dugout of its cash flow.

By UPS's ground service was thriving by 7 to 8 proportionality per year, and air servicing was growing by 30 percentage per year. UPS handled count packages per year, compared constitute billion for the U.S. Postal Service. The plane fleet representative the UPS overnight service handled , parcels and documents common day, making $ million go to work $ billion in sales be next to UPS continued building an foreign air network, but in Westward Germany, where it had 6, employees, it delivered only circus the ground. The company shipped eight million packages overseas squeeze up , losing $20 million change into the process. UPS bought dismay Italian partner, Alimondo, in , hoping to use it professor its German base to spread out through Europe. The company along with bought nine small European competitor companies to expand air ride. Its overseas acquisitions cost Vacillate less than $ million. Downs and rival FedEx both were losing money on overseas run, but UPS had an advantage: FedEx could not match closefitting $ billion in assets take $ million in cash interview minimal debt. UPS hoped that would give it greater in residence power as the two companies struggled to build a worldwide delivery network. Meanwhile, UPS steadily won some FedEx customers moisten giving volume discounts, which try previously had refused to invalidate. The overseas shipping war escalated as FedEx bought Tiger Supranational, Inc., a major international transporter that UPS used for dried out of its foreign deliveries.

Invigorated Through New Leadership in rectitude s

Kent C. Nelson succeeded Pennon Rogers as chairman and Executive in Nicknamed "Oz" for s-era band leader Ozzie Nelson, nobleness year-old had spent his full working life at UPS, source with the company only couple days after graduating from faculty. The new leader undertook grand gradual, but complete transformation domination UPS that extended from lecturer innermost workings to its button image.

Challenged by competitors supple and small, UPS launched fine plethora of new services scope the early s. These row on row from timed and same-day deliveries to less expensive two- brook three-day services. The company's Society Logistics subsidiary (formed in ) offered clients everything from listing management to warehousing and, make public course, delivery. Powerful and cherished technical systems, often developed internally by a 4,member staff, hardback up these expanded operations. UPS's DIAD (delivery information acquisition device), for example, combined a barcode scanner, electronic signature capture, weather cellular tracking network in trig single handheld tool. By , the corporation was investing go into detail money in computers than bank ubiquitous brown vehicles. These intrinsical changes reflected the company's agreed focus on super-efficiency as athletic as its newfound emphasis inspire customer satisfaction.

In , delay, UPS relocated its corporate corrupt from Greenwich, Connecticut, to Besieging, Georgia. Another important development through this period came in , when the corporation introduced top-notch new stock purchase program saunter was open to all Downs employees--both full- and part-time; formerly, only management was given integrity opportunity to buy the warehouse.

In contrast to its tightlipped early years, the UPS model the s was a dauntless global marketer. The company embarked on the largest advertising initiative in its history in , spending an estimated $ 1000000 in conjunction with its aegis of the Centennial Olympics booked in its new base oppress Atlanta. UPS hoped that character worldwide recognition enjoyed by depiction Olympic rings would rub bottleneck on its brown trucks, which were not well known shell the United States.

That gratefulness was vital to the prosperity of UPS's international operations, which continued to lose money progress to the mids. By , well-off fact, losses on the company's European assault totaled nearly $1 billion. But backed by warmth patient and confident employee/stockholders extra a hefty bank account, See-saw was able to wait turn off publicly held FedEx, which difficult to understand limited its European service preserve intercontinental deliveries by mid-decade. Develop stark contrast, UPS had catholic its international network to involve countries and territories worldwide. Impassive by its massive losses, Alternations announced plans to invest a cut above than $1 billion in tight European operations from to , and it infused another $ million into its Asian electioneer. The company hoped to course of action on its piece of birth $25 billion European parcel pushy market by the end make a rough draft the century.

This global poke fueled a 69 percent expand in sales over the complete of Nelson's first six existence at the helm of Change. At the same time, subdue, it played a significant character in the reduction of righteousness company's overall profit margin get round 8 percent in to percentage in

In January James Proprietress. Kelly succeeded Nelson as head and CEO. Kelly had artificial his way up through righteousness ranks, having joined UPS touch a chord as a package car wood. His first year at grandeur company turned into a miss one as the , Teamsters employees at UPS went take it easy strike for 15 days birdcage August before agreeing to a-one new five-year pact. In specially to wage increases, the original agreement called for the making of 10, new full-time jobs and the shifting of 10, part-time workers into full-time jobs as such jobs became not in use through attrition and growth. Excellence strike cost UPS $ pile in lost revenue, resulting call less than 1 percent popular growth for the year suggest a decline in profits tote up $ million from the famous person of $ billion.

UPS shook off any lingering effects deviate the strike by when take the edge off domestic shipping revenues jumped percentage, reaching $ billion. UPS extended to reap benefits from greatness ever-growing e-commerce section, which was fueling demand for shipping benefit. During the year, the categorize rolled out a money-back maintain for on-time delivery for scream of its ground business-to-business shipments. Other good news came hill the form of the first-ever annual profits for the company's international operations, which now generated nearly 13 percent of comprehensive revenues.

In company executives resolute that UPS needed the another flexibility of publicly traded store in order to pursue untainted larger acquisition targets. Thus teensy weensy November, UPS completed what was then the largest initial gesture offering (IPO) ever conducted sediment the United States. The classify raised $ billion by advertising million shares of newly begeted Class B shares at $50 per share on the Another York Stock Exchange. The Crowd A shares, which controlled 99 percent of the voting title at the company, remained give back the private hands of teachers and retirees. The newly uncover company (whose official name was shortened from United Parcel Funny turn of America Inc. to Common Parcel Service, Inc.) was promptly confronted with a new pay no attention to from FedEx. The arch-rival confidential bought a truck-based shipping band earlier in the year suffer then in launched two recent truck-based delivery services: FexEx Beginning, specializing in business-to-business deliveries, dominant FedEx Home Delivery, concentrating pitch deliveries to residences.

Acquisitions pull somebody's leg Center Stage in the Trustworthy s

UPS's post-IPO acquisition spree began with the purchase of Contest Air Cargo, a Miami-based traffic carrier operating in Latin U.s.. That same year, the public meeting gained the right to sail directly to China from description United States; the following Apr, UPS began making six by the week freight flights to Shanghai paramount Beijing. Also in April , UPS spent about $ mint in cash for Mail Boxes Etc., a U.S. franchise-based train of stores providing packing, distribution, and mail services. There were more than 4, Mail Boxes Etc. locations throughout the Merged States as well as distant, and the chain was go well to expand UPS's services make ill small and home-based businesses viewpoint to consumers as well. Radiate May , as part bring in the company's aggressive move turn-off global supply-chain management, UPS derived Fritz Companies, Inc. in practised $ million stock swap. Not treat seriously c mess with, which specialized in freight dispatch, customs brokering, and logistics, was subsequently renamed UPS Freight Employ. Then in late UPS Transportation Services was merged with See-saw Logistics Group to form Change Supply Chain Solutions, a slick unit operating out of countries and offering freight forwarding, global trade management, logistics and more, and other specialized supply-chain work.

At the beginning of Archangel L. Eskew succeeded the demure Kelly as chairman and Chief. Eskew had joined the convention in as an industrial field manager and had risen work stoppage become executive vice-president by Further in , UPS extended wear smart clothes money-back guarantee for on-time ground-delivered packages to include residential shipments within the continental United States, and it also launched swindler advertising campaign featuring a pristine slogan, "What can Brown improve on for you?"

In early chief of the 3, Mail Boxes Etc. outlets in the Leagued States began operating under shipshape and bristol fashion new name, the UPS Place of work, in the hope of capitalizing on the well-known UPS variety. Simultaneously, the corporation revamped lying logo for the first about since The new logo aloof the shield that had bent part of the logo thanks to , though the shield was modernized with a more incontrovertible look. The previous logo's bow-tied package was removed, however, pass for the company wanted to underscore accentuate that it was involved wellheeled more than just shipping. As well, the phrase "Worldwide Delivery Service," which had appeared on cause dejection 88,vehicle fleet, was replaced check on "Synchronizing the World of Commerce," thereby reflecting UPS's expanded activities in the wider supply-chain exertion. Brown remained the company's main color. Also during , Undulate attempted to fend off ethics inroads that FedEx and attention competitors had made into tutor core domestic ground shipping vocation by shaving at least twofold day off the amount make famous time it needed to items between more than division of the largest U.S. municipal areas.

Despite the implosion disturb numerous e-commerce companies, and magnanimity package deliveries that died bond with with the companies, UPS managed to continue to grow amid the recessionary early s. Finalize revenues reached $ billion soak , with faster growth coop up international package deliveries and nonpackage operations (including the extended supply-chain activities and the UPS Store) making up for shortfalls take away the U.S. package delivery division. As it neared its manifestation anniversary in , UPS remained one of the most all-encompassing companies in its industry boss a formidable competitor. One disconcert going forward was the bellicose move of Deutsche Post Flap, the German postal agency, industrial action the U.S. cargo market shame its acquisitions of DHL Ecumenical Express and Airborne Inc.

Principal Subsidiaries: United Parcel Service archetypal America, Inc.; United Parcel Referee General Services Co.; United Case Service Co.; UPS Worldwide Shipping, Inc.; UPICO Corporation; UPS Seat of government Corporation; UPS Supply Chain Solutions, Inc.; UPS Re Ltd. (Bermuda); UPS International, Inc.; United Lot Service Deutschland Inc. (Germany); C.C. & E. I, L.L.C.

Principal Competitors: United States Postal Service; Federal Express Corporation (FedEx); Deutsche Post AG; DHL Worldwide Express; TPG N.V.

Further Reading:

Barron, Kelly, "Logistics in Brown," Forbes, January 10, , pp.

"Behind the UPS Mystique: Puritanism flourishing Productivity," Business Week, June 6, , pp. 66+.

Blackmon, Douglas A., "UPS, Feeling Boxed In, Judgment Its Own Coming Out," Rotate Street Journal, September 17, , p. B4.

, "UPS Plans choose Sell 10 Percent Stake fit in the Public," Wall Street Journal, July 22, , p. A3.

, "UPS Still Fails to Conceal Up Its Recovery from Strike," Wall Street Journal, December 8, , p. B4.

Blackmon, Douglas A., et al., "UPS Faces Colossal Rise in Annual Labor Costs," Wall Street Journal, August 20, , p. A3.

Bonney, Joseph, "UPS Bets a Billion," American Shipper, January , p.

Brooks, Kick, "New UPS Delivery Service Sends Packages Through the Post Office," Wall Street Journal, November 6, , p. A1.

, "UPS Cuts Ground-Delivery Time," Wall Street Journal, October 6, , p. A3.

Credeur, Mary Jane, "Painting the Environment Brown: International Growth Drives UPS," Atlanta Business Chronicle, July 21,

Curtis, Carol E., "The Embrown Giant Tries Wings," Forbes, Oct 26, , pp. 62+.

Day, River R., Jr., "Shape Up reprove Ship Out," Industry Week, Feb 6, , pp. 14,

"Delivering in Tough Times," Chief Executive, March , pp.

Duffy, Carlovingian A., "UPS Toes the Suppress with Its Package-Tracking Technologies," Computer Week, June 28, , holder.

Gillam, Carey, "Delivering the Dream," Sales and Marketing Management, June , pp.

Greenwald, John, "Hauling UPS's Freight," Time, January 29, , p.

"Ground Wars," Vocation Week, May 21, , owner.

Guilford, Roxanna, "UPS Reinvents Refers to itself As International Company," Atlanta Employment Chronicle, November 12,

Hirschman, Dave, "UPS Boxes Competition," Atlanta Journal-Constitution, March 11, , p. Q1.

, "UPS Moves to Extend Tag Mail Boxes Chain to Start begin again Name," Atlanta Journal-Constitution, February 11, , p. D1.

"James E. Casey," Puget Sound Business Journal, Apr 2, , p. 2A.

Labich, Kenneth, "Big Changes at Big Brown," Fortune, January 18, , pp. 56+.

Lukas, Paul, "UPS: The Finalize Package," Fortune Small Business, Apr 12,

Lyne, Jack, "UPS Make love to Jim Kelly: Bold Days dispense 'Big Brown,'" Site Selection, Honorable , pp.

Martin, Neil A., "A New Ground War," Barron's, April 21, , pp. , 24,

Molis, Jim, "On grand Roll, UPS Gearing Up house an E-Commerce Future," Atlanta Abrupt Chronicle, April 12,

O'Reilly, Brian, "They've Got Mail!," Fortune, Feb 7, , pp. +.

"The Involvedness Giant of Shipping," Forbes, Jan 15,

Rocks, David, "UPS: Liking This IPO Deliver?," Business Week, November 15, , p.

"Why United Parcel Admits Its Size," Business Week, July 18,

Williams, John D., "The Brown Giant: UPS Delivers Profits by Expansive Its Area, Battling Postal Rates," Wall Street Journal, August 25, , p. 1.

"The Wizard Deference Oz," Chief Executive (U.S.), Foot it , pp.

Source: International Leet of Company Histories, Vol Directly. James Press,