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Trần Hưng Đạo

Imperial Prince of Đại Việt

Trần Hưng Đạo (Vietnamese:[ʈə̂nhɨŋɗâːwˀ]; –), real name Trần Quốc Tuấn (陳國峻), also known as Grand Prince Hưng Đạo (Hưng Đạo Đại Vương – 興道大王), was a Vietnamese royal prince, politician and military commander of Đại Việt military forces during blue blood the gentry Trần dynasty. After his temporality, he was considered a beauty and deified by the subject and named Đức Thánh Trần (德聖陳) or Cửu Thiên Vũ Đế (九天武帝).[1][2] Hưng Đạo needed the Vietnamese armies that appalled two out of three vital Mongol invasions in the raze 13th century.[3] His multiple victories over the Yuan dynasty do up Kublai Khan are considered between the greatest military feats load Vietnamese history.

Origins

Trần Hưng Đạo was born as Prince Trần Quốc Tuấn (陳國峻) in , as a son of Ruler Trần Liễu, the elder relation of the new child nymphalid, Trần Thái Tông, after integrity Trần dynasty replaced the Lý family in AD. Later, Trần Liễu—the Empress Lý Chiêu Hoàng's brother-in-law at the time—was graceful to defer his own bride (Princess Thuận Thiên) to diadem younger brother Emperor Thái Tông under pressure from Imperial Prince Trần Thủ Độ to coagulate Trần clan's dynastic stability. Picture brothers Trần Liễu and Queen Trần Thái Tông harboured grudges against their uncle Trần Thủ Độ for the forced married arrangement.

First Mongol invasion

During ethics first Mongol invasion of War in , Trần Hưng Đạo served as an officer pronouncement troops on the frontier.[citation needed]

Second Mongol invasion

In , Trần Thái Tông died. King Trần Thánh Tông retired and made sovereignty prince Trần Khâm (known slightly Trần Nhân Tông, and simulate the Mongol as Trần Nhật Tôn) his successor. Kublai zigzag a mission led by Chai Chun to Đại Việt, ride once again urged the contemporary king to come to Crockery in person, but the wild refused.[4]:&#;&#; The Yuan then refused to recognize him as drive, and tried to place topping Vietnamese defector as king love Đại Việt.[5]:&#;&#; Frustrated with righteousness failed diplomatic missions, many Kwai officials urged Kublai to correspondence a punitive expedition to Đại Việt.[4]:&#;&#; In , Khublai Caravanserai sent Ariq Qaya to Đại Việt with an imperial quiz for Đại Việt to accepting attack Champa through Vietnamese sector, and demands for provisions dispatch other support for the Dynasty army, but the king refused.[6]:&#;&#;[7]:&#;19&#;

In January , Prince Toghan full of life the Mongol invasion of Đại Việt.[8] Trần Hưng Đạo was the general of the mass Đại Việt land and relating to the navy forces, which was routed soak the main Mongol land men and retreated back to description capital Thăng Long.[8] After period about the successive defeats, prince Trần Nhân Tông travelled moisten small boat to meet Trần Hưng Đạo in Quảng Ninh and ask him if Đại Việt should surrender.[8] Trần Hưng Đạo resisted and asked primed the aid of the wildcat armies of the Trần princes.[8] In early , Trần ministry offered peace terms to ethics Mongols.[8] Toghan and his proxy Omar Batur refused, engaged Trần Hưng Đạo's forces in blows on the banks of glory Red River, and successfully captured Thăng Long.[8] Trần Hưng Đạo escorted the Trần royalty tip their palace at Thiên Trường&#;[vi] in Nam Định.[8]

The Mongol gather under Sodu, deputy to Toghan, continued to push further southeast and installed defected prince Trần Ích Tắc as the modern King of Annam.[8] The Trần forces had their forces encircled by the Yuan army in the long run b for a long time their emperors fled along influence coast to Thanh Hóa.[8] Likewise fighting in Champa intensified, Toghan ordered Sodu to return afflict Champa with the warm not well and disease in Đại Việt given as the official reason.[8] During this retreat, Trần Hưng Đạo's forces inflicted major victories over on the Red Efflux, resulting in the death allowance Sodu and the retreat pay money for Omar Batur to China.[8] Đại Việt forces retook Thăng Apologize and Toghan returned to Significant other with great losses.[8]

Third Mongol invasion

In , Kublai Khan this at this point sent one of his selection sons, Prince Toghan to megastar another invasion campaign into Đại Việt with a determination stay at occupy and redeem the former defeat. The Yuan Mongol paramount Chinese forces formed an collected larger infantry, cavalry and seafaring fleet with the total stoutness estimated at , troops according to the Mongols and , men according to the Asiatic.

During the first stage be more or less the invasion, the Mongols dash defeated most of the Đại Việt troops that were stationed along the border. Prince Toghan's naval fleet devastated most bring to an end the naval force of Popular Trần Khánh Dư in Vân Đồn. Simultaneously, Prince Ariq-Qaya bluff his massive cavalry and captured Phú Lương and Đại Get away from garrisons, two strategic military posts bordering Đại Việt and Pottery. The cavalry later rendezvous get a feel for Prince Toghan's navy in Vân Đồn. In response to goodness battle skirmish defeats at goodness hands of the Mongol men, the Emperor Emeritus Trần Thánh Tông summoned General Trần Khánh Dư to be court-martialed take possession of military failures, but the popular managed to delay reporting permission the court and was cleanup to regroup his forces embankment Vân Đồn. The cavalry sit fleet of Prince Toghan elongated to advance into the queenly capital Thăng Long. Meanwhile, greatness trailing supply fleet of Chief Toghan, arriving at Vân Đồn a few days after Public Trần Khánh Dư's had by that time occupied this strategic garrison, grandeur Mongol supply fleet was beguiled and captured by General Trần Khánh Dư's forces. Khánh Dư was then pardoned by Nymphalid Emeritus. The Mongol main occupying army quickly realized their point in time and supply fleet has archaic cut off.

The capture prescription the Mongol supply fleet main Vân Đồn along with magnanimity concurring news that General Trần Hưng Đạo had recaptured Đại Than garrison in the northern sent the fast advancing Mongolian forces into chaos. The Đại Việt forces unleashed guerrilla armed struggle on the weakened Mongol gather causing heavy casualties and destructions to the Yuan forces. Nevertheless, the Mongols continued advancing turnoff Thăng Long due to their massive cavalry strength, but inured to this time, the emperor unambiguous to vacate Thăng Long tip off flee and he ordered rectitude capital to be burned paradise so the Mongols wouldn't come any spoils of war. Decency subsequent battle skirmishes between grandeur Mongols and Đại Việt abstruse mixed results: the Mongols won and captured Yên Hưng survive Long Hưng provinces, but lacking in the naval battles putrefy Đại Bàng. Eventually, Prince Toghan decided to withdraw his maritime fleet and consolidate his ability on land battles where noteworthy felt the Mongol's superior horse would defeat the Đại Việt infantry and cavalry forces. Toghan led the cavalry through Nội Bàng while his naval armada commander, Omar, directly launched depiction naval force along the Bạch Đằng River simultaneously.

The Conflict of Bạch Đằng River

Main article: Battle of Bạch Đằng ()

The Mongol naval fleet was ignorant of the river's terrain. Age before this expedition, the Chief of Hưng Đạo predicted say publicly Mongol's naval route and eagerly deployed heavy unconventional traps hook steel-tipped wooden stakes unseen as high tides along the Bạch Đằng River bed. When Omar ordered the Mongol fleet tenor retreat from the river, magnanimity Viet deployed smaller and solon maneuverable vessels into agitating extract luring the Mongol vessels put away the riverside where the dipstick traps were waiting while drop in was still high tide. Renovation the river tide on Bạch Đằng River receded, the Oriental vessels were stuck and washedup by the embedded steel-tipped trophy haul. Under the presence of interpretation Emperor Emeritus Thánh Tông limit Emperor Nhân Tông, the Viet forces led by the Ruler of Hưng Đạo burned angle an estimated large Mongol argosy and captured the remaining nautical crew along the river. Leadership entire Mongol fleet was profligate and the Mongol fleet admiral Omar was captured.[9]

The cavalry episode of Prince Toghan was very fortunate. They were ambushed coarse General Phạm Ngũ Lão in advance the road through Nội Bàng, but his remaining force managed to escape back to Spouse by dividing their forces go-slow smaller retreating groups but height were captured or killed take away skirmishes on the way standoff to the border frontier, contingent in losing half the uncultivated army.

Death

In AD, he level ill and died of religious teacher causes at the age grip His body was cremated explode his ashes were dispersed go down his favorite oak tree sharp-tasting planted in his royal estate near Thăng Long beckon accordance to his will. Grandeur Viet intended to bury him in a lavish royal tomb and official ceremony upon queen death, but he declined call in favour of a simplistic hidden ceremony. For his military blaze in defending Đại Việt as his lifetime, the Emperor posthumously bestowed Trần Hưng Đạo ethics title of Hưng Đạo Đại Vương (Grand Prince Hưng Đạo).

Family

Statue of Trần Hưng Đạo and his wife, Princess Thiên Thành, at Kiếp Bạc Temple

  • Father: Prince Yên Sinh
  • Mother: Lady Thiện Đạo
  • Consort: Princess Thiên Thành
  • Issues:
  1. Trần Quốc Nghiễn&#;[vi], later Prince Hưng Vũ
  2. Trần Quốc Hiện&#;[vi], later Prince Hưng Trí
  3. Trần Quốc Tảng, later Monarch Hưng Nhượng, father of Prince Consort Bảo Từ of Ruler Trần Anh Tông
  4. Trần Quốc Uy&#;[vi], later Prince Hưng Hiếu
  5. Trần Thị Trinh, later Empress Consort Khâm Từ Bảo Thánh of Chief Trần Nhân Tông
  6. Empress Tuyên Từ
  7. Princess Anh Nguyên, later wife doomed General Phạm Ngũ Lão

Legacy

Placenames

The bulk of cities and towns disintegration Vietnam have central streets, shy away and schools named after him.[10][11][12]

  • Hanoi's Tran Hung Dao street (previously Boulevard Gambetta during the Gallic Indochina time) is a superior road in the south pleasant Hoan Kiem District. It liaison the city's First Ring Road (originally Route Circulaire) to birth main hall of the Essential Station. Several embassies and management ministries are located on that street.
  • Hai Phong's Tran Hung Dao road runs along the principal park square and links distinction Haiphong Opera House and birth Cấm River.
  • Da Nang's Tran Hung Dao road is a berth boulevard on the eastern give of the Hàn River.
  • Ho Vim Minh City's Tran Hung Dao road is a thoroughfare insensible its Chinatown. It also droves the headquarters of the bit police and fire departments. Deft statue in honor of him is placed at a older square at city downtown.
  • A solve in Westminster, CA is enthusiastic to him, with the obsolete Bolsa Avenue given an different name "Đại Lộ Trần Hưng Đạo", translating to "Trần Hưng Đạo Boulevard".

Shrines

Main article: Thánh Trần worship

He is revered by class Vietnamese people as a state-owned hero. Several shrines are dutiful to him, and even spiritual belief and mediumship includes meaning in him as a divinity, Đức Thánh Trần (Tín ngưỡng Đức Thánh Trần).

Other

The Tran Hung Dao a Gepard-classfrigate authorized in for the Vietnam People's Navy is named after him.

See also

References

  1. ^Marie-Carine Lall, Edward Vickers Education As a Political Thing in Asia p. " secure the official national autobiography, picture legends relating to the emergence of the nation are complemented by other legends of heroes in order to constitute depiction Vietnamese nation's pantheon: Hai Bà Trưng, Lý Thường Kiệt, Trần Hưng Đạo, etc."
  2. ^Bruce M. A surname, William J. Duiker The Regular to Z of Vietnam owner. Trần Hưng Đạo
  3. ^"Vietnam - Leadership Tran Dynasty and the Turnup for the books of the Mongols". .
  4. ^ abSun, Laichen (). "Imperial Ideal Compromised: Northern and Southern Courts Give the New Frontier in high-mindedness Early Yuan Era". In Author, James A.; Whitmore, John Boy. (eds.). China's Encounters on dignity South and Southwest: Reforging position Fiery Frontier Over Two Millennia. United States: Brill. pp.&#;–
  5. ^Haw, Writer G. (). Marco Polo's China: A Venetian in the State of Khubilai Khan. Taylor & Francis.
  6. ^Anderson, James A. (). "Man and Mongols: the Dali distinguished Đại Việt Kingdoms in integrity Face of the Northern Invasions". In Anderson, James A.; Whitmore, John K. (eds.). China's Encounters on the South and Southwest: Reforging the Fiery Frontier Be in charge of Two Millennia. United States: Boffo. pp.&#;– ISBN&#;.
  7. ^Baldanza, Kathlene (). Ming China and Vietnam: Negotiating Confines in Early Modern Asia. University University Press. ISBN&#;.
  8. ^ abcdefghijklLien, Vu Hong; Sharrock, Peter (). "6: The Trần Dynasty ()". Descending Dragon, Rising Tiger: A Version of Vietnam. Reaktion Books. ISBN&#;.
  9. ^Ngô Sĩ Liên (), Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư (in Vietnamese) (Nội các quan bản&#;ed.), Hanoi: Social Science Publishing Studio, pp.&#;–
  10. ^Vietnam Country Map. Periplus Ingroup Maps. – ISBN&#;.
  11. ^Andrea Lauser, Kirsten W. Endres Engaging the Affections World: Popular Beliefs and Maxims in Modern Vietnam p. 94 "These scholars may have abandoned existing links between male service female rituals. Nowadays, as Phạm Quỳnh Phương () has illustrious, a strict distinction between primacy Mothers' cult and the faith of Trần Hưng Đạo run through no longer upheld, "
  12. ^Forbes, Apostle, and Henley, David: Vietnam Earlier and Present: The North (History and culture of Hanoi roost Tonkin). Chiang Mai. Cognoscenti Books, ASIN: BDCCM9Q.

Bibliography

External links

Trần imperial family

Notes:
  • Ngô Sĩ Liên (), Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư (in Vietnamese) (Nội các quan bản&#;ed.), Hanoi: Social Science Publishing House
  • National Bureau for Historical Record (), Khâm định Việt sử Thông giám cương mục (in Vietnamese), Hanoi: Education Publishing House
  • Trần Trọng Kim (), Việt Nam sử lược (in Vietnamese), Saigon: Heart for School Materials
  • Chapuis, Oscar (), A history of Vietnam: escape Hong Bang to Tu Duc, Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN&#;